New trends in advertising Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

New trends in advertising - Research Paper Example The company’s efforts in rebranding the pizza and advertising are currently paying off ( Mendelson, 2010). In addition, in September, Apple CEO Steve Jobs unveiled a new revamped logo that would accompany the new version of the company’s music downloading services. This change took the market by surprise with customers responding positively, increasing the company’s sale for the month (Mendelson, 2010). Generally, companies and individuals in general have taken an initiative to change the perception of customers in the market, either due to negative image created in the market, or to increase sales by revamping a new spirit in the company’s product. As Mendelson (2010) argues, some companies have undertaken to change everything from the products, the names to the packaging in a complete new image of the company. Such was the case with Campbell’s Soup after a dip in U.S soup sales. However, according to Michelson, consumers have not responded positively to these changes and are still lukewarm to the company’s products. Therefore, according to these examples companies have adopted the view that customers are more susceptible to the company’s image through the product, and breathing a new life in these products would increase sales for the companies. The above view has been taken by many multinational leading companies, which have undertaken to formulate products and advertising campaigns according to the market in question. The difference in perception in markets and the need to increase sales in these markets led Coca cola company to give freedom to its local subsidiaries to develop advertising campaigns for local customers and make brands that would respond in particular market (Muhlbacher, Leihs & Dahringer 344).This is because millions of customers worldwide do not consume products by companies, but consume brands. This means that the images that are created in the minds of

Pest Analysis Essay Example for Free

Pest Analysis Essay Political, Economic, Social, and Technological analysis and describes a framework of macroenvironmental factors used in the environmental scanning component of strategic management. It is a part of the external analysis when conducting a strategic analysis or doing market research and gives a certain overview of the different macroenvironmental factors that the company has to take into consideration. It is a useful strategic tool for understanding market growth or decline, business position, potential and direction for operations. The growing importance of environmental or ecological factors in the first decade of the 21st century have given rise to green business and encouraged widespread use of an updated version of the PEST framework.   analysis systematically considers Socio-cultural, Technological, Economic, Ecological, and Regulatory factors. Contents * 1 History * 2 Overvier. New York: Macmillan.. , who discusses ‘ETPS’ a mnemonic for the four sectors of what he calls his taxonomy of the business environment: Economic, Technical, Political, and Social. Sometime after this initial publication, Arnold Brown for the Institute of Life Insurance reorganized it as   as a way to organise the results of his environmental scanning. Over time by academics and others in business it was modified yet again to become a so-called analysis (the Social, Technical, Economic, Political, and Ecological taxonomies).

Exemplification Essay: Why The World Is Doomed -- Exemplification Essay

Every day when looking out a window, people see a beautiful earth. The earth is intriguing, but hinges on a delicate balance. Many natural resources keep the grass green and the sky blue. Man has made quite an impression on our world, and has transformed the earth's resources into tools to make life easy. However, mans' manipulation on earth has become detrimental to the health of our planet and the safety of mankind. Through the use and production of resources such as oil and energy, man is gradually poisoning the earth. Pollution has become such a dilemma in society; there is no real control or a feasible solution to society's recklessness. Without complete change, our system will collapse. The earth will eventually retaliate with disaster, or corporate control of our economy will cause hysteria and depression. Evaluation of the consequences and repercussion of worldwide pollution, may give people a better idea of what the future holds. It is unfortunate that within the past 100 years our worlds' economy has driven itself into a deep hole with the reliance on a "black gold" called oil. Since its discovery, it has been purified to produce many different forms of energy such as light, gasoline and more. Since technology has enabled mankind to discover more capable methods of transportation, mankind has exploited its power over nature and produced machines such as the combustion engine. In combustion engine's, oil explodes to move machinery, and emits a very toxic byproduct called CO2. Carbon is incredibly dangerous to the earth's atmosphere, and erodes huge holes in the ozone layer of our earth. This erosion causes global warming and climate change that is permanent and irreversible. The impact of global warming will not only ... ...e sources." All facts, statements and reports conclude that mankind is in part responsible for this change in our ecosystem. Hence if we do not change, drastic changes over the next 100 years will threaten the safety of some people and our environment. More and more research is being deployed into this intriguing field of science. Some scientists deny reports of global warming impacts. And some scientists show more and more proof of such impacts. When will the academic and governmental community understand the consequences of our treasured way of life? Will it take huge catastrophic man-induced disasters to change the worlds mind on what actions to take? Is our economy so reliant upon oil that it will risk our planets' health, for money? People need to take action on these issues before the damage of global warming has left a huge, worsening-footprint on our earth.

The Desire for Intoxication Leads to Destruction Essay -- Marijuana Dr

The Desire for Intoxication Leads to Destruction Through time, people all over the world have looked for ways to feel intoxicated and alter their consciousness for different reasons. One of the most ancient ways people have reached this state of intoxication has been through the popular marijuana plant. Today this plant has become so widely accepted that it has been legalized in a few states and will most likely be legalized in other states, such as California and Maine, even though it is prohibited by federal law. Advocates claim it has medicinal properties, and that the drug may actually be beneficial to people’s health. But even though many people argue that feeling intoxicated relaxes them and alleviates their pain, research and past incidents have proven that the desire to be intoxicated has more damaging effects than positive ones. In his book The Botany of Desire, Michael Pollan looks at four different desires: beauty, control, intoxication, and sweetness, each represented by a plant . Each plant has either evolved or has been modified to fulfill a desire craved by human beings. Pollan shows us how the desire for sweetness is represented by the apple, beauty by the tulip, control by the potato, and the desire for intoxication by marijuana. In this book, Pollan explains how marijuana became modified through time to fit the different needs and expectations of consumers worldwide. Putting it in Pollan’s own words, â€Å"cannabis had to do two things: it had to prove it could gratify a human desire so brilliantly that people would take extraordinary risks to cultivate it, and it had to find the right combination of genes to adapt to a most peculiar and thoroughly artificial new environment†( 130). Marijuana was here to stay... ... A. Kallen. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2006. At Issue. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 26 Nov. 2010. Pollan, Michael. The Botany of Desire. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2002. Print. Works Cited Hadly, Scott. â€Å"CHP Officer remains in critical condition. Ventura County Star. 21 Dec. 2007. Web. 29 Oct. 2010 Huff, Charlotte. "A risky decision: with marijuana, your good judgment may go up in smoke." Current Health 2, a Weekly Reader publication Feb. 2010: 20+. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 29 Oct. 2010. Marijuana Policy Project. "Medical Marijuana Should Be Legalized." Legalizing Drugs. Ed. Stuart A. Kallen. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2006. At Issue. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 26 Nov. 2010. Pollan, Michael. The Botany of Desire. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2002. Print.

Comprehensive Exam Reviewer

ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND MANAGEMENT What is an Organization? An organization is a collection of people who work together to achieve individual and organizational goals. What is Organizational Behavior? Organizational behavior (OB) is the study of factors that affect how individuals and groups act in organizations and how organizations manage their environments What is Management? Management is the process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling an organization’s human, financial, material, and other resources to increase its effectiveness.Managerial Roles * Manager: Any person who supervises one or more subordinates. * Role: A set of behaviors or tasks a person is expected to perform because of the position he or she holds in a group or organization. * Managerial roles identified by Mintzberg (see Table 1. 1): FigureheadLeader LiaisonMonitor DisseminatorSpokesperson EntrepreneurDisturbance handler Resource allocatorNegotiator Managerial Skills * Conceptual Skills: The ability to analyze and diagnose a situation and distinguish between cause and effect. Human Skills: The ability to understand, work with, lead, and control the behavior of other people and groups. * Technical Skills: Job-specific knowledge and techniques. Challenges for Organizational Behavior and Management * Using new information technology to enhance creativity and organizational learning. * Managing human resources to increase competitive advantage. * Developing organizational ethics and well-being. * Managing a diverse work force. * Managing the global environment. Challenge 1: Using New Information Technology to Enhance Creativity and Organizational Learning Information technology: The computer systems and software that organizations use to speed the flow of information around an organization and to better link people and subunits within it. * Creativity: The decision-making process that produces novel and useful ideas that lead to new or improved goods and services or to improvements in the way they are produced. New Ways to Increase Performance * Reengineering: A complete rethinking and redesign of business processes to increase efficiency, quality, innovation, or responsiveness to customers. * Restructuring: Altering an organization’s structure (e. g. by eliminating a department) to streamline the organization’s operations and reduce costs. * Outsourcing: Acquiring goods or services from sources outside the organization. * Freelancers: Independent individuals who contract with an organization to perform specific services. Challenge 3 Developing Organizational Ethics and Well-Being * Ethics: Rules, beliefs, and values that outline the ways in which managers and workers should behave when confronted with a situation in which their actions may help or harm other people inside of or outside an organization. * Well-being: The condition of being happy, healthy, and prosperous. Social responsibility: An organization’s moral responsi bility toward individuals or groups outside the organization that are affected by its actions. The core 21st century qualities needed to create the ideal work atmosphere begin with intelligence, passion, a strong work ethic, and a genuine concern for people. Managing and Working Today and in the Future: * Managers must become agile and flexible to help their firms develop and sustain competitive advantage * To be successful, managers will need to harness the powers of: * information technology * human capitalChallenges of These Forces to Managers * Resisting the reality of these forces will likely lead to: * Unnecessary conflict * Reduced managerial performance * Reduced non-managerial performance * Lost opportunities * Failing to cope and deal with these forces will likely result in: * Job dissatisfaction * Poor morale * Reduced commitment * Lower work quality * Burnout * Poor judgment * Unhealthy consequences Taylor’s Scientific Management Principles (1 of 2) * Develop a sc ience for each element of an employee’s work * which replaces the old rule-of-thumb method Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker * whereas in the past a worker chose the work to do and was self-trained Taylor’s Scientific Management Principles (2 of 2) * Heartily cooperate with each other to insure that all work was done in accordance with the principles of science * There is an almost equal division of the work and the responsibility between management and non-managers Impact of Fayol’s Functions of Management * Emphasized the importance of carefully practicing efficient: * planning * organizing * commanding * coordinating * controlling Management is a separate body of knowledge that can be applied in any type of organization * A theory of management that can be learned and taught * There is a need for teaching management in colleges Definition of Organizational Behavior (OB) * The study of human behavior, attitudes, and performanc e within an organizational setting * drawing on theory, methods, and principles from such disciplines as psychology, sociology, political science, and cultural anthropology * to learn about individual, groups, structure, and processes Systems Theory and Effectiveness (1 of 2) Organizational effectiveness is an all-encompassing concept that includes a number of component concepts * The managerial task is to maintain the optimal balance among these components Managers can lead the way to higher levels of effectiveness by: (1 of 2) * Providing opportunities for training and continuous learning * Sharing information with employees * Encouraging cross-development partnerships * Linking compensation to performance Managers can lead the way to higher levels of effectiveness by: (2 of 2) * Avoiding layoffs * Being a supportive role model Respecting the differences across employees * Being a good listener Key Points (1 of 2) * The key to an organization’s success is its human resource s * Organizations need human resources that: * work hard * think creatively * perform excellently Key Points (2 of 2) * Rewarding, encouraging, and nurturing the human resources in a timely and meaningful manner is what is required * The behavior of employees is the key to achieving effectiveness Chapter 16 Organizational Behavior across cultures Chapter objectives: * Conditions affecting multinational operations Individual differences among employees * Barriers to cultural adoption * Overcoming barriers to cultural adoption * Productivity and cultural contingencies Condition affecting multinational operation The people of the world are organized into nations with its own way, according to its recourses and heritages. There are some similarities and differences among the nations. Understanding these differences and how they influence organizational behavior is aided by examination of following keys: * Social conditions * Legal and ethical conditions Political conditions * Economic c onditions Social conditions In many countries the social condition is poorly developed , there are major shortages of managerial personnel, scientists and technicians and these deficiencies limit the ability to employ local labor . Needed skills must be imported from other countries while the local workers will be prepared. exp American nation welcomed an electronic assembly plant to its capital city . the plant was labor- intensive, so the many jobs it provided reduce the nation’s high unemployment rate. ages were above standards, working conditions were good and the plant was environmentally clean. Additionally company’s agreement with the host nation stated that the company would supply a cadre of managers and technicians to train local employees. local would gradually become supervisors, technician and purchasing specialist and so on. Legal and ethical conditions In judicial systems, some countries practice rapid disposition of cases, in other countries cases may d rag on for years. Some countries condone the practice of bribery as way of obtaining and retaining businesses others strictly prohibit it.Managers need to be aware of the possible differences in both laws and ethical values that define acceptable and unacceptable behaviors in foreign countries . The managers in foreign countries need to become familiar with local customers and practice . Applying their own personal and organizational value system, their must then decide which behaviors are compatible with both parties’ expectations and which are not. Finally ,they need to recognize that the resolution of ethical issues is not always clear-cut. Individual differences There are five dimensions that accounted for the sharpest differences among employees including: Individualism/collectivism * Power distance * Uncertainty avoidance * Masculinity/femininity * Time orientation Individual differences * Individualism/Collectivism: cultures that emphasize individualism tend to accent individual rights and freedoms and place considerable attention on self-respect whereas collectivism heavily accent the group and values harmony among members. For example in US there is individualistic culture(â€Å"every person for him/her self†) but Japan is collectivistic, with the culture that can be characterized by the proverb:†The nail sticks up gets pounded down. * Power distance: refers to the belief which are strong and legitimate decision-making rights separating managers and employees. Individual differences * Uncertainty avoidance: These employees prefer to avoid ambiguity at work and those who with high degree often prefer stability, security and clarity. * Masculinity/ Femininity: define gender roles in more traditional ways. In addition, masculine societies evaluate assertive behavior and acquisition wealth ;whereas feminine cultures contribute to the relationships among people, caring for others and greater balance between family and work life.Individu al differences * Time orientation: some cultures emphasize values such as the necessity of preparing for the future, the value of thrift and savings and the qualification of persistence which have long-term orientation such as Hong Kong, China and Japan. * Other cultures value the past and accent the present with the respect for tradition and need to fulfill historical social obligations, they have short-term orientation such as France, Russia, and West Africa. Managing at International workforce * Multiculturism: occurs when the employees in two or more cultures nteract with each one regular basis. In some instances the new employees are parent-country nationals from the nations in which the home office is located or they may be third-country nationals from some other nations. In either case they are called expatriate because they come from another nation. Their role is to provide a combination of cultures in which both parties adjust to the new situation of seeking greater product ivity for the benefit of both the organization and the citizens of the country. Barriers to cultural adaption Parochialism: it means that the people see the situation around them from their own perspective. They may fail to recognize key differences between their own and others’ cultures. * Ethnocentrism: occurs when people are predisposed (talented) to believe that their homeland conditions are the best. This predisposition is known as the self-reference criterion or ethnocentrism. * Cultural empathy: is the awareness of the differences across the cultures and understanding of the ways in which those differences can affect business relationships.When culture empathy continues, it will result in geocentric organization which ignore person's nationality while emphasizing employee ability in selection, assignment, and decisions. CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION * Transcultural Managers are those who have learned to manage employees in several cultures effectively. Transcultural Emp loyees are those who have learned to operate effectively in several cultures. These employees are low in ethnocentrism and adapt readily to different cultures without major cultural shock. They usually communicate in more than one language. Transcultural employees are especially needed in large, multinational firms that operate in a variety of national cultures. * Multinational Firm: For a firm to be fully Multinational in character, it should have the following items truly diversified without primary dominance of any one nation : – Ownership, – Operations, – Markets, – Managers. * Multinational Companies management look to the world as an economic and social unit; but reorganize each local culture, respect its integrity, acknowledge its benefits, and use its differences effectively in their organization.

An Overview of Music Censorship essays

An Overview of Music Censorship essays Because the First Amendment guarantees freedom of speech, some opponents of music censorship believe that the courts can force a store to sell albums its management deems objectionable or forbid groups from burning records. The Supreme Court, however, can only step in if someone appeals a government decision, rather than a community one, to censor music; such appeals rarely reach the highest court in the land, since individual state governments can devise their own obscenity laws and penalties for violating them. Fighting censorship thus poses a catch-22, as musicians and concerned citizens can't deny a school's right to ban a concert on its premises and would face an uphill battle overturning a state's mandates on decency. Music censorship first reared its head in the 1950s, when rock and roll's growing influence threatened white, middle-class values. The 1960s saw the FBI's involvement in musician's personal and political lives, as officials began keeping tabs on Woody Guthrie, Bob Dylan, and John Lennon. Song references to sex and drugs tormented censors throughout the '60s and '70s, eventually giving way to hysteria over lyrics promoting suicide and devil worship in the 1980s. In 1985, the Parents Music Resource Center, led by a cadre of politicians' wives, called for the recording industry to place Parental Advisory stickers on potentially offensive albums. Instead of quelling concerns, the stickers unleashed a barrage of state laws that required retailers to regulate distribution or pay the price (a hefty fee or even jail time). In the meantime, the banned albums benefited from the notoriety. Ultimately, community and federal censors have threatened civil liberties while entangling their organizations in a costly fight to maintain an ambiguous definition of decency. Albums with explicit lyrics or content started having black and white parental advisories on them in 1994 (riaa.org/Parents-Advisory-4.cfm). Are t...

Atomic Number 2 on the Periodic Table

Atomic Number 2 on the Periodic Table Helium is the element that is atomic number 2 on the periodic table. Each helium atom has 2 protons in its atomic nucleus. The atomic weight of the element is  4.0026. Fast Facts: Atomic Number 2 Element Name: HeliumElement Symbol: HeAtomic Number: 2Atomic Weight: 4.002Classification: Noble GasState of Matter: GasNamed For: Helios, the Greek Titan of the SunDiscovered By: Pierre Janssen, Norman Lockyer (1868) Interesting Atomic Number 2 Facts The element is named for the Greek god of the sun, Helios, because it was initially observed in a previously unidentified yellow spectral line during the 1868 solar eclipse. Two scientists observed the spectral line during this eclipse: Jules Janssen (France) and Norman Lockyer (Britain). The astronomers share credit for the element discovery.Direct observation of the element did not occur until 1895, when Swedish chemists Per Teodor Cleve and Nils Abraham Langlet identified helium emanations from cleveite, a type of uranium ore.A typical helium atom contains 2 protons, 2 neutrons, and 2 electrons. However, atomic number 2 can exist without any electrons, forming what is called an alpha particle. An alpha particle has an electrical charge of 2 and is emitted during alpha decay.The isotope containing 2 protons and 2 neutrons is called helium-4. There are nine isotopes of helium, but only helium-3 and helium-4 are stable. In the atmosphere, there is one atom of helium-3 for every milli on helium-4 atoms. Unlike most elements, the isotopic composition of helium greatly depends on its source. So, the average atomic weight may not really apply to a given sample. Most of the helium-3 found today was present at the time of the Earths formation. At ordinary temperature and pressure, helium is an extremely light, colorless gas.Helium is one of the noble gases or inert gases, which means it has a complete electron valence shell so its not reactive. Unlike gas of atomic number 1 (hydrogen), helium gas exists as monatomic particles. The two gases have comparable mass (H2 and He). Single helium atoms are so small they pass between many other molecules. This is why a filled helium balloon deflates over time the helium escapes through tiny pores in the material.Atomic number 2 is the second most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen. However, the element is rare on Earth (5.2 ppm by volume in the atmosphere) because nonreactive helium is light enough that it can escape Earths gravity and be lost to space. Some types of natural gas, such as that from Texas and Kansas, contain helium. The primary source of the element on Earth is from liquefaction from natural gas. The largest supplier of the gas is the United States. The source of helium is a non-renewable resource, so there may come a time when we run out of a practical source for this element. Atomic number 2 is used for party balloons, but its primary use is in the cryogenic industry for cooling superconducting magnets. The principal commercial use of helium is for MRI scanners. The element is also used as a purge gas, to grow silicon wafers and other crystals, and as a protective gas for welding. Helium is used for research into superconductivity and the behavior of matter at a temperature approaching absolute zero.One distinctive property of atomic number 2 is that this element cannot be frozen into a solid form unless it is pressurized. Helium remains liquid down to absolute zero under normal pressure, forming a solid at temperatures between 1 K and 1.5 K and 2.5 MPa pressure. Solid helium has been observed to possess a crystalline structure. Sources Hampel, Clifford A. (1968).  The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp.  256–268.Meija, J.; et al. (2016). Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91.Shuen-Chen Hwang, Robert D. Lein, Daniel A. Morgan (2005). Noble Gases.  Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Wiley. pp. 343–383.  Weast, Robert (1984).  CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp.  E110.

The An Lushan Rebellion in Tang China

The An Lushan Rebellion in Tang China The An Lushan Rebellion began in 755 as a revolt by a disgruntled general in the Tang Dynastys army, but it soon engulfed the country in unrest that lasted nearly a decade until its end in 763. Along the way, it nearly brought one of Chinas most glorious dynasties to an early and ignominious end. An almost unstoppable military force, the An Lushan Rebellion controlled both capitals of the Tang Dynasty for most of the rebellion, but internal conflicts eventually brought an end to the short-lived Yan Dynasty. Origins of Unrest In the middle of the 8th century, Tang China was embroiled in a number of wars around its borders. It lost the Battle of Talas, in what is now Kyrgyzstan, to an Arab army in 751. It also was unable to defeat the southern kingdom of Nanzhao - based in modern-day Yunnan - losing thousands of troops in an attempt to put down the rebellious kingdom. The only military bright spot for Tang was their limited success against Tibet. All of these wars were expensive and the Tang court was quickly running out of money. The Xuanzong Emperor looked to his favorite general to turn the tide - General An Lushan, a military man probably of Sogdian and Turkic origin. Xuangzong appointed An Lushan commander of three garrisons totaling more than 150,000 troops which were stationed along the upper Yellow River. A New Empire On December 16, 755, General An Lushan mobilized his army and marched against his Tang employers, using the excuse of insults from his rival at court, Yang Guozhong, moving from the area that is now Beijing along the Grand Canal, capturing the Tang eastern capital at Luoyang. There, An Lushan announced the formation of a new empire, called the Great Yan, with himself as the first emperor. He then pushed on toward the primary Tang capital at Changan - now Xian; along the way, the rebel army treated anyone who surrendered well, so numerous soldiers and officials joined the rebellion. An Lushan decided to seize southern China quickly, to cut off the Tang from reinforcements. However, it took his army more than two years to capture Henan, severely dampening their momentum. In the meantime, the Tang emperor hired 4,000 Arab mercenaries to help defend Changan against the rebels. Tang troops took up highly defensible positions in all of the mountain passes leading to the capital, completely blocking An Lushans progress. Turn of the Tide Just when it seemed that the Yan rebel army would have no chance to capture Changan, An Lushans old nemesis Yang Guozhong made a devastating mistake. He ordered the Tang troops to leave their posts in the mountains and attack An Lushans army on flat ground. General An crushed the Tang and their mercenary allies, laying the capital open to attack. Yang Guozhong and the 71-year-old Xuanzong Emperor fled south toward Sichuan as the rebel army entered Changan. The emperors troops demanded that he execute the incompetent Yang Guozhong or face a mutiny, so under intense pressure Xuanzong ordered his friend to commit suicide when they stopped in what is now Shaanxi. When the imperial refugees reached Sichuan, Xuanzong abdicated in favor of one of his younger sons, the 45-year-old Emperor Suzong. Tangs new emperor decided to hire reinforcements for his decimated army. He brought in an additional 22,000 Arab mercenaries and  a large number of Uighur soldiers - Muslim troops who intermarried with local women and helped form the Hui ethnolinguistic group in China. With these reinforcements, the Tang Army was able to retake both of the capitals at Changan and at Luoyang in 757. An Lushan and his army retreated east. End of the Rebellion Fortunately for the Tang Dynasty, An Lushans Yan Dynasty soon began to disintegrate from within. In January of 757, the Yan emperors son, An Qingxu, became upset by his fathers threats against the sons friends at court. An Qingxu killed his father An Lushan and then was killed in turn by An Lushans old friend Shi Siming. Shi Siming continued An Lushans program, retaking Luoyang from the Tang, but he also was killed by his own son in 761 - the son, Shi Chaoyi, proclaimed himself the new emperor of Yan, but quickly became quite unpopular. Meanwhile in Changan, the sickly Emperor Suzong abdicated in favor of his 35-year-old son, who became Emperor Daizong in May 762. Daizong took advantage of the turmoil and patricide in Yan, recapturing Luoyang in the winter of 762. By this time - sensing that Yan was doomed - a number of generals and officials had defected back to the Tang side. On February 17, 763, Tang troops cut off the self-proclaimed Yan emperor Shi Chaoyi. Rather than facing capture, Shi committed suicide, bringing the An Lushan Rebellion to a close. Consequences Although the Tang eventually defeated the An Lushan Rebellion, the effort left the empire weaker than ever. Later in 763, the Tibetan Empire retook its Central Asian holdings from Tang and even captured the Tang capital of Changan. The Tang had been forced to borrow not only troops but also money from the Uighurs - to pay those debts, the Chinese gave up control of the Tarim Basin. Internally, the Tang emperors lost significant political power to warlords all around the periphery of their lands. This problem would plague the Tang right up until its dissolution in 907, which marked Chinas descent into the chaotic Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period.

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Research Paper Example The U.S. no longer manufacture enough to feed it is locals. The economic situation is unsustainable. The United States imports more than it is able to export. The U.S. is disposing off it is assets to sustain a moderate standard of living. In some constraining circumstances, the U.S. is taking massive debts to sustain the economy from falling (Baker & Baker, 2011). According to Cotton (1958), economical problems reflect the inadequacy of intellectual and material resources in the society. United States is world super power characterized by the control of the world in decision making of economic nature. Also notwithstanding, it is the most unequal industrialized nation, apart from the few Asians city states. Some of the economic problems now facing include the following (Cotton, 1958). There is the problem of trade deficits. Currently the U.S. imports more than it exports. For this reason the net cash outflow is negative. The U.S. has failed to produce enough to feed it is people; hence it is forced to import food from other countries. While this is happening, the regulatory and tax system have without a vivid reason raised domestic business costs. Apart from this, the fundamental cause to the present economic crisis in the U.S. was caused by the three decades detrimental U.S. trade and globalization policies (Baker & Baker, 2011). In addition, the economic problem in the U.S. is the inaccessibility to the markets. U.S. has naively and assumed that other countries will carry and hold themselves to the U.S. standards. The measured standards here include environment, labor and competition policy, Cotton (1958). These standards greatly affect the cost of production in the U.S. Economically, â€Å"if these countries fail to adhere to these standards, they gain an unfair cost advantage†. It is believed that U.S market has lost it is former glory, due the participation in the world trade.

Assessment of a Fictional Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assessment of a Fictional Family - Essay Example The child, on the other hand, has his share in influencing the family as well. In the family, when a member, usually a child or adolescent, has a (psychiatric) disorder, this influence is magnified. And for diagnostic purposes, the effect of the family on the child and the child’s effect on the family must be assessed to prepare for optimal treatment, according to Allan M. Josephson, M.D. A comprehensive family assessment is the process of identifying, gathering, and weighing information to understand the significant factors affecting a child’s safety, permanency and well-being, parental protective capacity, and the family’s ability to assure the safety of their children (Johnson et al, 2006, p.1). There are several sequential functions included in family assessment, which are (1) screening and general disposition, which usually takes place during intake; (2) definition of the problem, which may include diagnostic assessments (or quantification of problem severity) that takes place during intake and investigation procedures; (3) planning, selecting, and matching services with identified problems; and (4) monitoring progress and evaluating service outcomes (Hawkins, 1979). In short, the family plays a major role in this context, and the role it will play in the treatment process should be based on a balanced case formulation which can be realized through a complete, systematic, and detailed family assessment. A good family assessment doesn’t only gather information to be able to formulate a well-made treatment plan for the patient, rather it is also relationship building. It involves everyone in the family to take part, exploring goals, values, and strengths to help build mutual trust and respect among them. This relationship can be built when problems arise -- a slice of truth in the saying that problems do create opportunities for a brighter tomorrow. In short, the family assessment identifies areas for intervention and engages the family

Philosophy of Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Philosophy of Education - Essay Example Understanding students allow the teacher to know their capability and inability that will enable him address their needs effective. The definition that best fits education is Plato’s perspective. Plato views education as process of getting the prisoner out of the cave and empowering his with the skill that will enable him go for fellow prisoner left in the cave. This view illustrates the concept in all aspect prove what it should refill in an individual and the importance of the transformed individual to the society and the country at large. Eric’s comparison off education with value also draws my attention (John, 1693). According to him, education like value and irreproachable character cannot be realized by punishing or reward because when the reward will not be promised the student will not perform. This paper covers my theory of education, pedagogy, social and political component of education. After going through such elaborate and detailed experience in Plato’s parable and other issues, Aristotle’s Virtue Ethics and philosopher’s release, I now believe education is beyond the dictionary definition I knew. I view a student as volcano with the capability of erupt but lacking a trigger to induce the eruption. In my understanding, I consider education to as a trigger that can induce this objective. Every individual has the dream to attain; however, their potential may not be realized if the individual lacks the right information and if the imparting techniques employed in delivering this information right. I fully agree with Plato’s view of education. His description of education in his article Line and cave captures all the whole process of education in accurate and visual way than could be met by any definition. His view of education as getting a prisoner out of the cave prison, and empowering him with the right information, which will enable hi m go back and lift other prisoner effectively cover

Recruitment and selection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Recruitment and selection - Essay Example The process of recruitment begins with job analysis which entails collecting information about the job through tools such as questionnaires and interviews to ensure the right employees are hired for right jobs (Mullins, 2010). The results of job analysis are then used to design a job description and person specification. The job description shows the activities, duties or tasks to be undertaken while the person specification shows the requirements of the job holder and is the basis for selection (Searle, 2003). The job at hand is that of a social worker in the healthcare sector. The job description entails: providing care and interventions to promote health, conducting patient education, making patient referrals, organising support groups and counselling family members and also collaborating with other professionals so as to evaluate the condition of patients. They are also entrusted with disease prevention and ensuring access to healthcare. The person is expected to collect and reco rd information in written and electronic form concerning patients, analyse information and interpret results and ensuring it complies with standards. The person to be recruited as social worker needs to have at least a bachelor’s degree in social sciences and possess the following skills: good negotiation skills, be an active listener, be good at written and oral communication, and good in making decisions and judgements and good time management skills. The person should have knowledge in psychology, proficiency in the English language, knowledge of the law and government regulations as well as agency rules, knowledge in therapy and counselling, and good interpersonal skills. The knowledge of clerical duties such as keeping records and designing forms is an added advantage. The person should also be of high integrity and have great concern for others. He/she should be able to exercise self-control, be cooperative and be able to work under stress. Section 2: How Employment Leg islation Affects Recruitment While recruiting potential candidates, it is important to take into consideration the employment laws in place to avoid unlawful discrimination. The current employment law under Equality Act 2010 enforced by Equal Employment Opportunity Commission prohibits discrimination on the basis of gender, sex, race, age, religion, disability, sexual orientation and nationality (EHRC, 2013). This is aimed at ensuring equal opportunity in employment for all. It is very essential for the healthcare organisation to follow these laws while designing application forms or advertising jobs to attract potential candidates to avoid litigations which may destroy the reputation of the company as well as cause additional costs such as intervention fee to the company (HSE, 2013). For example, while putting an advert for a social worker, an age limit should not be stipulated unless it is objectively justifiable. The Equality and Human Rights Commission added new provisions to th e Equality Act 2010 extending a ban on age discrimination to cover services, and this has implication for social care workers. They cannot differentiate in treatment of service users in different age groups unless it is objectively justified (EHRC, 2013). Organisations are liable to third party offenders; hence, they must make sure to recruit individuals who can obey the law. In most cases, social work is considered to be

Fashion retail concepts of the future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Fashion retail concepts of the future - Essay Example The essay "Fashion retail concepts of the future" analyzes Fashion retail. In future fashion retail, there will be considerable use of online systems. A website legitimizes the existence of a business. E-commerce performs a physical role in enabling convenient access of products across distant areas. More fashion stores may face the pressure of opening their online versions to facilitate convenience of shopping among customers. In supply chain management, technology will be crucial in enabling efficiency. RFID technology helps track the movement of clothes in the distribution chain. This is possible though the use of tags that help track products from the manufacturing phase to the purchase stage. Fashion is ushering in an age of interactive shopping. Interactive experience means that a client takes charge of one’s shopping time. This involves the use of sensory simulation in testing products before purchase. For instance, the Burberry store in central London avoids the idea o f direct purchases. The store has simulated the website experience in its physical store on Regent Street. A customer, therefore, makes one’s purchases from the sofa while using a swipe machine. Clothing in the store has chips and identification technology that makes it possible for customer to witness images of clothes in catwalk. Mobile applications will be a key feature in fashion retail. Major brands such as SalesGossip, Burberry, Forever21, Shopstyle, and Tommy Hilfiger are investing in various applications.

Recruitment and selection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Recruitment and selection - Essay Example The process of recruitment begins with job analysis which entails collecting information about the job through tools such as questionnaires and interviews to ensure the right employees are hired for right jobs (Mullins, 2010). The results of job analysis are then used to design a job description and person specification. The job description shows the activities, duties or tasks to be undertaken while the person specification shows the requirements of the job holder and is the basis for selection (Searle, 2003). The job at hand is that of a social worker in the healthcare sector. The job description entails: providing care and interventions to promote health, conducting patient education, making patient referrals, organising support groups and counselling family members and also collaborating with other professionals so as to evaluate the condition of patients. They are also entrusted with disease prevention and ensuring access to healthcare. The person is expected to collect and reco rd information in written and electronic form concerning patients, analyse information and interpret results and ensuring it complies with standards. The person to be recruited as social worker needs to have at least a bachelor’s degree in social sciences and possess the following skills: good negotiation skills, be an active listener, be good at written and oral communication, and good in making decisions and judgements and good time management skills. The person should have knowledge in psychology, proficiency in the English language, knowledge of the law and government regulations as well as agency rules, knowledge in therapy and counselling, and good interpersonal skills. The knowledge of clerical duties such as keeping records and designing forms is an added advantage. The person should also be of high integrity and have great concern for others. He/she should be able to exercise self-control, be cooperative and be able to work under stress. Section 2: How Employment Leg islation Affects Recruitment While recruiting potential candidates, it is important to take into consideration the employment laws in place to avoid unlawful discrimination. The current employment law under Equality Act 2010 enforced by Equal Employment Opportunity Commission prohibits discrimination on the basis of gender, sex, race, age, religion, disability, sexual orientation and nationality (EHRC, 2013). This is aimed at ensuring equal opportunity in employment for all. It is very essential for the healthcare organisation to follow these laws while designing application forms or advertising jobs to attract potential candidates to avoid litigations which may destroy the reputation of the company as well as cause additional costs such as intervention fee to the company (HSE, 2013). For example, while putting an advert for a social worker, an age limit should not be stipulated unless it is objectively justifiable. The Equality and Human Rights Commission added new provisions to th e Equality Act 2010 extending a ban on age discrimination to cover services, and this has implication for social care workers. They cannot differentiate in treatment of service users in different age groups unless it is objectively justified (EHRC, 2013). Organisations are liable to third party offenders; hence, they must make sure to recruit individuals who can obey the law. In most cases, social work is considered to be

Personal Development Portfolio (Reflective Account) Essay

Personal Development Portfolio (Reflective Account) - Essay Example The actual process of writing the thesis took many twists and turns and there were long hours spent in accessing databases of stock exchanges and finding the reliable ones from the respectable ones; deciding on the methodology to be used, deciding the structure of the document and how information would be presented and so on. At the end of the thesis, I found that more than just a thesis, I was much richer as I had learnt the elements of conducting good research, how to structure the document, how to remain focussed and write so that the words represented my thoughts and analysis and how to conduct analysis of researched data. This document relates my experience as a researcher, learner and a student and my dissertation experience. The journey into conducting research for the thesis led me through various paths such as the very nature of equities, stock exchanges, bonds and debt instruments, share price indices, bourses, credit rating companies and other entities. I am glad to say that other than the 70 odd pages of the thesis, I also learn about many things such as how stock are evaluated, what is the nature of credit rating companies and more so, the intense efforts put in by these companies when they take up a debt instrument for rating. Prior to the thesis, I had very little idea of the methodology use behind rating. But now it is evident that rating agencies conduct very deep research into many aspects of a company such as its history, the nature of the market, history of the promoters, market sentiments and drivers and also variables that act on a debt instrument. The research taken up the teams in rating agencies cover many cross functional areas such as finance, accounts, economics and management and the research can take more than 2 months before a rating is given. When c company or its financial product is rated, it does not end at that as the rating is under regular

Marketing evaluate of online gambling in Indonesia Essay Example for Free

Marketing evaluate of online gambling in Indonesia Essay Introduction Developing our company business of online gambling enter to new market –Indonesia due to more and more competitors share market of China now, otherwise, the Chinese government crackdown illegal online gambling website from end of 2009 to now, so we must be to reduce the business risk and look for other potential new market to do the business and make sure company business stable development. The article will be introduce gambling, online gambling history, business environment and relation of market analysis of China, also guide to know currently status of online gambling and trend in China market. For new Southeast Asia market, why need to go to Indonesia and isn’t others country, its every important question for us to know. We will be chose two markets of Southeast Asia countries as Thailand and Malaysia making comparisons with the new market as Indonesia. Before comparisons, also we should be known about Thailand, Malaysia market, how about those country business environment, and online market analysis. According with result from comparisons, we will get the answer in below review about why choose Indonesia to do business of online gambling, and SWOT analysis about doing business in Indonesia. After that, also have formulate market strategic about what’s the best way to go to do business, and how to developing business in Indonesia as market resource, campaign, and local agent of online gambling etc. After Analysis Indonesia market and compare with other Southeast Asia country, we also need to know how to enter Indonesia market of doing business and develop the business Statement of the problem What is the market value of Indonesia for doing business of online gambling? Indonesia is the third largest populated country in Asia after China and India, have enough resource in internet circumstance, economy and marketing resource to do business. Otherwise, Indonesia is the worlds most populous Muslim country, with about 90% of its 237 million citizens practicing Islam, Under Islam, gambling of all kinds is strictly prohibited, but gambling often continues as an important part of life of some Muslims. Revenue is major value for a firm; Indonesia lost around $320Million by illegal in 2009, its more than others Southeast Asia. Follow the economy growth, Indonesia is Southeast Asia’s largest economy and has delivered consistently high annual growth exceeding 6% in both 2007 and 2008. Growth of between 2% and 4. 5% is expected in 2009. The market will generate more and more revenue in the future. What are the aspects of value analysis for new market? For the paper will do the analysis of Existing market as China, Malaysia and Thailand about environment analysis, market analysis, and currently status, after analysis different between Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia, we got know value of Indonesia market. Others, to develop business in the new market, we also need to do competitors analysis, customer analysis and 4p analysis to know our company advantage and disadvantage. Existing market analysis China market- Environment analysis According to the latest figures from CNNIC, the number of Internet users in China rose to 420 million at the end of June, 2010, an increase of almost 36 million users in the first six months of year 2010 and including 115. 1 million users in the rural areas. The current Internet penetration rate in China is 31. 6% acording to Internet World Stats statistics. YEAR| Users| Population| % Pen. | Usage Source| 2000| 22,500,000| 1,288,307,100| 1. 7 %| ITU| 2001| 33,700,000| 1,288,307,100| 2. 6 %| ITU| 2002| 59,100,000| 1,288,307,100| 4. 6 %| ITU| 2003| 69,000,000| 1,288,307,100| 5. 4 %| CNNIC| 2004| 94,000,000| 1,288,307,100| 7. 3 %| CNNIC| 2005| 103,000,000| 1,289,664,808| 7. 9 %| CNNIC| 2006| 137,000,000| 1,317,431,495| 10. 4 %| CNNIC| 2007| 162,000,000| 1,317,431,495| 12. 3 %| CNNIC| 2008| 253,000,000| 1,330,044,605| 19. 0 %| CNNIC| 2009| 384,000,000| 1,338,612,968| 28. 7 %| CNNIC| 2010| 420,000,000| 1,330,141,295| 31. 6 %| CNNIC|. Mature netizens take a larger percentage in the age structure of the Chinese Internet users than before, and those above the age of 30 accounts for 41% of the total. At the same time, the educational background and income level of the Chinese netizens has lowered. The time period spent in the use of the Internet by Chinese netizens continues to increase and reached an average of 19. 8 hours per week per user. China Market analysis According to China Internet Market 2009 Q2 Report, the market size of China Internet in Q2 2009 is 16. 76 billion Yuan, having increased 17% compared to last quarter with a 22. 2% increase compared to Q2 in 2008. Also China is the worlds biggest online gaming market. According to the director of the Chinese development firm, Sino, Richard Li, the Chinese gambling market turns over $100 billion, 95 percent illegally. Just like Western countries, China needs to fund social services for its aged population, so pragmatism, rather than intolerance for bourgeouis entertainment, is triumphing. Current status and trends of online gambling in China After Germany world cup, more and more online gambling companies enter to China. In end of 2006, just have around 20 companies in China market, until 2010, have more than 100 companies, the competitor increase fourfold. The market share reduces compare with before. Otherwise, we know the only forms of legal gambling in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) are the two government lotteries: the Welfare Lottery and the Sports Lottery. These are is very popular in China. From end of 2009 to now, the Chinese government strengthen promote Chinese lotteries, and crackdown illegal online gambling website and closed around 300 website. Lead Chinas lottery market has generated RMB69. 4 billion in profits around in 2010 alone. Even so, the revenues generated by illegal gambling operations in mainland PRC are estimated to be 10-20 times larger than the combined revenues from both legal lotteries Trends of Online gambling in China These indicators tend to imply that gambling is socially acceptable in China, and that Chinas enforcement policy extends only to unsanctioned casino operators, not to the citizens actually playing. Recently there have been signs that change is imminent, and that we may soon see the birth of Chinese legislation that governs online casinos in China. Ultimately the reasons come down to money. The last decade has seen an unprecedented level of economic development in China, such that there are now far more wealthy Chinese than ever before and these people are clearly gambling, whether they have to travel to Macau or beyond. Regulating the industry would allow the Chinese government to keep a larger portion of that growth capital inside China through licensing fees and through taxation. In the meantime, however, Chinese gambling fans continue to break the law whenever they visit an online casino. Malaysia Market Environment analysis. In Malaysia, it may come as a surprise to many that the Malaysia has one of the highest internet penetrations in the world, with 65. 7% of its population going online. It is fast catching up with America, which has over 74% of its population online. There are 16 million internet users in Malaysia. YEAR| Users| Population| % Pen. | Usage Source| 2000| 3,700,000| 24,645,600| 15. 0 %| ITU| 2005| 10,040,000| 26,500,699| 37. 9 %| C. I. Almanac| 2006| 11,016,000| 28,294,120| 38. 9 %| ITU| 2007| 13,528,200| 28,294,120| 47. 8 %| MCMC| 2008| 15,868,000| 25,274,133| 62. 8 %| MCMC|. 2009| 16,902,600| 25,715,819| 65. 7 %| ITU| 2010| 16,902,600| 26,160,256| 64. 6 %| ITU| Malaysia Economic Analysis The country’s rich natural resources ensure sound developments in agriculture, forestry and mining. Economic growth is also attributed to its border with the Strait of Malacca which is an important international shipping crossroad, which promotes the country’s international trade. Malaysia’s well developed manufacturing sector produces a diverse range of goods. The first three quarters of 2009, however, witnessed steep decline in the country’s economic growth. Volume of exports reduced drastically due to reduced consumer goods demand globally. The situation, however, improved somewhat in the Q4FY09. The Tenth Malaysia Plan is all set to be introduced in June 2010. Malaysia Market analysis As for casino gambling in Malaysia, there are very few options. The country has only one legal casino, and though it is large and very complete, it is the only place where Malaysians can legally play table games and card games in the country. This has lead to a problem with underground gambling dens and sports betting shops that the Malaysian government is currently working to solve. Before July 2009, online gambling is legal, and most of online gambling company get the operate license in Malaysia. After the 6 July 2009, The Malaysia government cancelled the entire license and does not offer licenses to open internet gambling sites. And also takes some measures to ensure that Malaysian players do not use foreign internet gambling sites. Also, Malaysian banks are not supposed to authorize transfers to or from online gambling websites. This rule is very loosely followed, however, and there is still a number of banking methods open to Malaysian players who want to gamble online. In fact, some of the bigger online gambling websites that are hosted in other countries even offer their services in Malay, letting players make the best of their internet gambling experience. Current status of online gambling in Malaysia Malaysian gambling laws forbid all forms of sports betting except for horse racing, and online gambling in all forms is equally prohibited. But online gambling sites in Malaysia has proven been most popular in the Sarawak region, where visitors are 48 more likely to visit. Sarawak stands out from other Barisan Nasional and even other Malaysian states in that the regional government disapproves the federal government’s moves to legalize online gambling. And most of gamblers go to there for online gambling. Thailand Market Environment analysis The population of Thailand is now 66. 4 million, about 10 million of whom live in the capital city of Bangkok. Thais form the majority, though the area has historically been a migratory crossroads, and thus strains of Mon, Khmer, Burmese, Lao, Malay, Indian and most strongly, Chinese stock produce a degree of ethnic diversity. Integration is such, however, that culturally and socially there is enormous unity. YEAR| Users| Population| % Pen. | GDP p. c. *| Usage Source| 2000| 2,300,000| 61,528,000| 3,7%| US$ N/A| ITU| 2007| 8,465,800| 67,249,456| 12. 6%| US$ 3,759| ITU| 2009| 16,100,000| 65,998,436| 24. 4%| US$ 3,940| ITU| 2010| 17,486,400| 66,404,688| 26. 3%| US$ 4,403| ITU| According to estimates of United Nations Population Information Network, the population of Thailand would be about 74 million in the year 2050. Until 2010s, total have 17. 4million internet user have 26. 3% population used Thailand Market analysis The primary form of legal gambling in Thailand is the national lottery. It was started in 2003, mostly because a large underground lottery system was already operating and the government felt the best way to drive it out was to create an officially sanctioned lottery system. But even the legal lottery is not immune from illegal activities in 2006 the prime minister and other government officials were accused of skimming more than $1 billion from state lottery revenues. Online gambling in Thailand is also forbidden. The Thai government does not provide licenses that would allow internet gambling websites to be hosted in Thailand. In fact, they have never even considered allowing for online gambling in Thailand since land-based gambling is mostly forbidden. In spite of the ban on internet gambling the Thai government does very little to prevent players from using foreign online gambling sites. These websites are hosted in different countries, places where the Thai government has no jurisdiction. This means there is little they can do to prevent players in Thailand from using them. There are many online gambling sites that accept Thai players, though few are available in Thai. Current status of online gambling in Thailand Online gambling continues to permeate all countries and cultures, despite governments persistent efforts to outlaw the practice. Thailand is the latest country to find increasing numbers of citizens wagering online. If individuals running illegal sites are identified, the Thai Anti-Money Laundering Office will freeze any assets and arrest and prosecute those deemed culpable. Gambling in Thailand is highly illegal, but base on DSI data reveals at least 10,000 subscribers to suspected gambling sites. Soccer wagering has become an increasingly popular form of play, particularly among younger gamblers. The appeal of gambling online continues to grow worldwide, and the most logical reaction of government is to tax the hobby and enjoy a steady new revenue source, rather than waste funds fighting a battle that is unwinnable. Indonesia Market Environment analysis Indonesia is the third largest populated country in Asia after China and India. also is Southeast Asia’s largest economy and has delivered consistently high annual growth exceeding 6% in both 2007 and 2008. Growth of between 2% and 4. 5% is expected in 2009. The consumer market continues to grow in the world’s fourth-largest country. There are more than 237 million citizens, 50% of whom are under the age of 30. GDP per person exceeds its ASEAN neighbors such the Philippines and Indonesia has a GDP per person three times that of Vietnam. Indonesia is a thriving democracy with significant regional autonomy Indonesia is a market-based economy but the government plays a significant role in the countrys economy with 160 government-owned enterprises. Indonesias GDP per capita ranks fifth after Singapore, Brunei, Malaysia and Thailand. Indonesias GDP was US$258. 3 billion with a GDP per capita of US$1,193 in 2004. Indonesias real GDP grew at an average of 4. 6% annually from 2000 to 2004 driven by domestic consumption accounting for nearly three-quarters of Indonesias GDP Current status of online gambling in Indonesia According to Indonesian gambling laws all forms of gambling are illegal and prohibited. Indonesia is the world’s most populous Muslim country and about 90% of its 237 million inhabitants ardently practice Islam. Gambling of all kinds is strictly prohibited by Islam. According to statistics, however, there are 23. 7 million residents who don’t practice Islam and many of them have found ways to gamble. Illegal gambling is prevalent throughout Indonesia. Dense population and police corruption have allowed illegal casinos to operate without regards to the Islamic ban on gambling. That’s the reason for many of the online gambling company go in to Indonesia market. In additional this country is a biggest country compare with other Southeast Asia country. Compare analysis with other Southeast Asia country. Population Indonesia is the third largest populated country in Asia after China and India. Also is Southeast Asia’s largest economy and has delivered consistently high annual growth exceeding 6% in both 2007 and 2008. Growth of between 2% and 4. 5% is expected in 2009. The consumer market continues to grow in the world’s fourth-largest country. Indonesia is a market-based economy but the government plays a significant role in the countrys economy with 160 government-owned enterprises. Indonesias GDP per capita ranks fifth after Singapore, Brunei, Malaysia and Thailand. Internet user. With 30 million Internet users as of the end of 2009, Indonesia is the 5th largest Internet market in Asia (after China, Japan, India, and South Korea). The number of Internet users in Indonesia is growing really fast (the highest growth among Asia countries after China), especially the number of users who use their mobile phone to access the Internet. In five years, about more than half of the Indonesian population or 150 million people are projected to have access to the Internet (most of them through their mobile phone). Compared to the population (not Internet users) of Singapore (4.8 million), Malaysia (27 million), South Korea (48. 6 million). Thailand (67 million), Vietnam (86 million), and Philippine (90 million), it is clear that the number of Internet users in Indonesia will be significantly higher than the number of Internet users in those countries. Usage of Internet Internet users in Indonesia spend about 17. 2 hours online per month According to a survey conducted by Nielsen Indonesia, most Indonesians use the Internet for checking email (42%), reading newspaper (39%), searching for information about products or services (29%), reading magazines (27%), and chatting (23%). A study by comScore shows only 50% of Indonesian Internet users do online shopping and they spend only 1% on their online time for shopping. Clearly, online shopping is still not the main reason for Indonesians to go online. While Indonesians are still cautious in using the Internet for shopping, there are very enthusiastic to online social networking. 28 million Indonesians have account(s) with Facebook, making them the 3rd largest Facebook users in the world. As of June 2010, Indonesians also produced the 3rd highest number of tweets in the world. It is not surprising at all that 87% of Indonesians does social networking and they spend 32. 6% of their online time or 5. 8 hours per month in websites such as Facebook and Twitter Most Internet users (84. 2%) in Indonesia use Search to find information they are looking for. The average number of Searches per user is 91. 4. 80% of Indonesian Internet users uses Google to do their Search. Above data is higher than others Southeast Asia country. Considering its high economic and Internet user growths, Indonesia has a great potential for Internet business. However, it would not be easy to win in this industry due to online gambling is specially industry in Indonesia. External analysis- Conclusion Considering its high economic and Internet user growths, Indonesia has a greater potential for Internet business compare others Southeast Asia. Moreover, the Internet business there is still in a very early stage with a limited number of local players and products/services offered. However, it would not be easy to win in this industry. Unsophisticated payment infrastructure and conventional mind-set of its people will become the biggest challenges for entrepreneurs and investors who want to explore Indonesia’s untapped potential in Internet business. The general message is that entrepreneurs and investors with long time horizons should look at Internet business in Indonesia as an alternative worth considering depending on the nature of the investment and the risk tolerance of the entrepreneur or investor. Internal analysis-Customer Behavior analysis Common Casino games of Indonesian Members play. * Baccarat * Blackjack * Sic Bo Current Indonesia Members’ Behavior Following table is current Indonesia members’ behavior of deposit and wager, the data is base on my current company data. Indonesia Business Performance Annual stake generated: â‚ ¬ 14. 3 Million and revenue generated â‚ ¬ 657, 000(third higher than others Southeast Asia) Competitor analysis-4P analysis For now total have 4 major competitors doing business in Indonesia market Analysis above the data, doing online gambling business in Indonesia, should offer more competiveness product and promotion to attract new customer due to the current Indonesia member generated revenue is higher than existing market, additional the External analysis, new market as Indonesia has a greater potential for Internet business. References * Rocky Fu (August 2009)China Internet Market Size in Q2 2009 * Internetworldstats(July 2010) China ecommerce and Internet Market Report * casinolistings(2009)The future of gambling in China * Casino King David Information as thing, Gambling History in China * Gamingzion (2007) Information as thing. Gambling in China * Economy watch(2010) Malaysia Economy * Tom B. (2010) Information as thing. Chinese Law Enforcement Rounding Up Illegal Online Gambling Operators * Michael F. (2010) Information as thing. Journal of the China Arrests 3,430 with Online Gambling Ties * Asiaplace (2009) Information as thing. Malaysia Cracks Down on Internet Gambling * KEN NG, Klang(2009) Information as thing, Legalise online gambling * Cyrildason(2010) Information as thing, Sports Betting in Malaysia * Brian M. (2010)Online Gambling in Malaysia Most Popular in Sarawak * TomWeston (2008)Online Gambling Grows in Popularity in Thailand * CoolFounders (2010) A broader look at Indonesia startups and internet Business prospects * MR. SUNDERASAN(Oct 2009) PESTEL analysis of Indonesia * Water stone (2010) Indonesia online 2010.

Sordaria Fimicola: Meiotic Divisions Experiment

Sordaria Fimicola: Meiotic Divisions Experiment Abstract The purpose of this investigation is to determine the frequency of meiotic divisions analyzed from hybrid crossings collected from different strains of the fungus Sordaria fimicola. The experiment was conducted to demonstrate hybrid crossings with MI and MII patterns of ascospores within the asci. Over the course of seven days, the sample of Sordaria was incubated and fused under laboratory conditions. In the outer areas of the blocks of agar, hyphae growth from the mutant tan strain (t-g+) and wild-type black strain (t+g+) was visible through the X-shaped and outer rims of the Petri dish. By identifying the amounts of non-hybrid and hybrid MI and MII asci, the observation of ascospores within the asci displayed the one possible pattern of MI, and the four possible patterns of MII. The first part of the laboratory experiment formed a hypothesis predicting that 8 ascospores would result from two stages of Meiosis and one stage of Mitosis. After calculating the frequency of crossing over, the map distance of the gene to the centromere in the tan colored gene observed was 32 map units, significantly different from the projected null hypothesis and expected 26 map units. Introduction Many research investigations utilize the common fungus Sordaria fimicola as a primary and reliable model organism for displaying genetics due to its firm structure and life cycle. Mapping the distance between the tan gene (t-g+) and the centromere requires careful preparation of a fused sample of Sordaria already containing hybrid and non hybrid arrangements in the ascus. By measuring the amounts of hybrid MI (non-crossover) asci and MII (crossover) asci, and calculating the frequency of crossover, the percentage of Asci may also be calculated from the rate of crossovers throughout the experiment. With an understanding of frequency of crossover, biological ideologies such as adaptation, mutation, and recombination are expressed fully within the experiment. The null hypothesis states that there will not be a considerable difference between the expected 26 map units and the observed map distance from the collected class data (Helms, Kosinski, Cummings, 350). Collective effort from each bench to calculate the correct amount of asci assigned will certainly affect the frequency of calculation and rejection or acceptance of the null hypothesis. Biological evolution closely relates to the process of Sordaria crossovers. Mendels Law of Independent Assortment is directly validated through the life cycle of the fungus. As a member of Ascomycota, Sordaria fimicola practices strict sexual reproduction, and provides the easiest visualization of meiosis I, II, and mitotic division found in the ascus (Volk). Some characteristics that display the easiness of observation lie in the Sordaria fimicola structure. Lengthened nature of the ascus prevents the overlapping of ascospores. Therefore, carefully ruptured perithecia are rightly lined up according to the production of meiosis of tan and black spores: making it relatively easier to perform with more efficiency in counting MI and MII patterns. With its phenotype almost equivalent to its genotype, due to the absence of another dominant allele, the accurate physical traits are examined directly from the genetic makeup of Sordaria (Helms, Kosinski, Cummings, 334). During hybrid crossovers in Prophase I, a tetrad forms four haploid nuclei, each of which then form two haploid nuclei, leading to a total of eight ascospores in a single ascus. Generally, Sordaria is a common fungus for genetics research because of various reasons centered on the easiness in the demonstration of Meiosis, observation of structure, and/or behavior of its life cycle. Growth of the Sordaria fungus is a significant factor and dependent variable carried out throughout the study. The Ascomycota fungus only grows under the conditions of decomposing vegetation, making it available for nutrients to be absorbed and increase hyphae growth and extension (Meiosis and Recombination in Sordaria Fimicola). The results of this study could contribute to a broader knowledge of mutation, biodiversity, and segregation. Further applications towards investigating meiotic and mitotic crossovers and map distances may soon propose new interpretations of Mendels laws. Materials and Methods During week one of the experiment, wild -type black (+) and mutant tan (t) cultures of Sordaria fimicola were obtained and while using aseptic technique, placed in a sterile Petri dish divided into four subsections labeled for the two gene colors. After a metal spatula was disinfected into 95% ethanol, it was heated using a Bunsen burner and cooled for 10 to 15 seconds. While carefully lifting the lid of the Petri dish slightly to prevent contamination, a block of agar was removed and transferred faced down for mycelium linkage and crossing agar. After re-flaming the spatula and repeating proper aseptic technique, the process was repeated with wild type (+) black strain and two mutant (t) tan strains positioned on the marks of the Petri dish indicating the labeled plus(+) sign. After all necessary blocks of agar have been placed in the proper sections of the Petri dish, the plates were incubated in 22 to 24 °C temperature in the dark for 7 days. During week two, a plate of Sordaria fimicola containing the fusion of black and tan strains were obtained for the analysis of hybrids and non hybrids within the 8 produced ascospores. Using a toothpick, the surface of the plate along the X-shaped area was scraped gently to collect a sample of perithecia. A slide of perithecia was prepared by dropping water on a slide the collected perithecia, and then secured with a coverslip. Before placing the slide under a 10x Objective microscope, the slide was first gently pressured with a pencil eraser or equivalent pressure pointer rupturing the perithecia without destroying the structure of the ascus. Using the microscope, slides were examined to locate hybrid and non hybrid asci. Class data on numbers of MI, MII, Total Asci, percentage of crossover, and frequency were calculated. A Chi -Square Test was performed since necessary. (Helms, Kosinski, Cummings 336 -350). Discussion Based on the individual bench results, the number of total MI and MII asci counted depended on the number of asci assigned per person. For example, since there were only two bench members in Bench B and each bench member in the class were assigned to find and count 5 hybrid crossovers each, consequently, there was a total of 10 MI and MII asci for Bench B, shown on the table. According to the Biology Lab manual, 26 map units was the published map distance of the tan spore gene from the centromere (Helms 350). The level of frequency is closely related to how loosely or tightly linked genes are on the chromosome. For this experiment, the deviations between the frequencies of the benches individually does not seem drastic, although the results from Bench F shows a slight over calculation of total asci counted, therefore resulting with the highest frequency level of 34.6, way over the expected 26 map units. Analyzing the class data as a whole, with 276 total MI and MII Asci counted, the percent (%) of Asci showing crossover was 64%, giving a frequency of 32 map units. In order to justify if there is a significant difference between the 32 map units observed and the 26 map units expected, we perform a Chi -Square calculation. With à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² equaling 16.291, my conclusion is that the class data demonstrates a much higher frequency than expected. The degree of freedom (dÆ’) for the experiment was 1, from n-1, with 2 attributes MI and MII. Since the probability value (p) was greater than (>)0.05, we rejected the null hypothesis and accepted the alternative hypothesis asserting that our observed frequency of 32 map units is significantly different from the expected 26 map units provided by published results. Possible Sources of error can be closely examined from the bench data results. Besides an over calculation of MI and MII asci, mentioned earlier that produced inconsistent figures, another source of miscalculation may have come from counting/including hybrid crossovers that had a 3-1-2 or 2-3-1 abnormal arrangement. Many times students were obligated to restructure a new slide of perithecia because their slide either did not have enough hybrids, or they ruptured the vulnerable perithecia incorrectly, proving very time consuming. Overall, the conducted lab was precise in calculating the frequency. Sordaria fimicola investigations have multiple purposes and applications. If conducted correctly, the fungus demonstrates an accurate arrangement of spores resulting from the meiotic and mitotic divisions. In a very similar laboratory experiment, Meiosis and Recombination in Sordaria Fimicola, the same approaches of the two labs shared common procedures including: crossing a wild type and mutant type gene, growing the hyphae in rotting vegetation, and calculating the genetic map distances. Calculating the number of map units will be consistent throughout most Sordaria fimicola studies because the frequency of crossing over is always divided by 2(because frequency of recombination is exactly .5 of frequency crossed over) proved in most investigations. The easiness of growing agar on Petri dishes and crossing a wild type and mutant gene increases recombination of genetic material, leading to increases in the range of genotypes, paving a way towards future increases in biological develo pment. References Helms, Doris R., Carl W. Helms, Robert J. Kosinski, and John R. Cummings. Biology in the Laboratory Third Edition :Biol 1161 Biol 1162 : Intoduction to Biological Sciences Laboratory University of Houston. Third. New York : W.H. Freeman and Company, 1998. 334-352. Print. Meiosis and Recombination in Sordaria Fimicola. n. pag. Web. 8 Mar 2010. . Volk, Tom. Sordaria Fimicola, a fungus used in genetics. n. pag. Web. 6 Mar 2010. .

The Story Of The Hour Essay -- Literary Analysis, Kate Chopin

The Story Of The Hour, by Kate Chopin, is about woman who struggles with oppression brought on by her husband and her secret desire for freedom. Mrs. Mallard doesn’t know how truly unhappy she is until she is told that he has died in train accident. The story is limited to a third-person point of view, but is not short on drama thanks to the structure and style of Chopin’s writing. Her theme of oppression is reveled by the irony of the story, in which she discovers a sense of freedom quickly after her husbands death. Chopin uses symbolism to emphasis this newly found feeling. The main character Mrs. Louise Mallard is a very easy to relate to. The structure and style that Chopin uses in The Story Of The Hour, is used to exaggerate the drama of what is taking place. She uses very short paragraphs the majority being only two to or three sentences a piece. The story is about the hour after Louise find out her husband is dead. It bring us quickly from a state of morning to a place where she realizes that she is â€Å"free† from the bondage of her husband. The structure of the story is reflects the intensity of emotions she exhibits. The length of the story leaves no room for a drawn out exposition, we shoot quickly from the that to the climax and end just as quickly after that. There is a lot of repetition through out the story, which she uses to emphasize the importance of certain points she makes. The word â€Å"open† is repeatedly used through out the story, â€Å"open window†(69) , â€Å"open square†(69). â€Å"opened and spread her arms out†(69) and many more. She also repeats the word â€Å"free†, "Free! Body and soul free!" (69). She also repeats phrases such as â€Å"might be long† like when she says â€Å"She breathed a quick prayer that... ...esn’t seem to be a bad guy, he is the antagonist in the story. He is the character that keeps Mrs. Mallard from living the life she dreams about. It is the very presents of Mr. Mallard, that ends killing his wife. We can only speculate that it was the though of having to live the life she once lead was the real cause of Mrs. Mallards death. Though The Story Of An Hour is very short, it is very powerful. I imagine that there were many women in the 1800’s that wondered what life would be like if there husbands weren’t around. Though Mrs. Mallard is treated as if she is weak because of her heart condition, she is strong in character. I think that even women of today’s world can relate to this to this story in in some way, which is why it has with stood the test of time.

Hypothalamic Lesion :: Medicine Health Research

Hypothalamic Lesion from the Perspective of Neurologist and Neurosurgeon The hypothalamus is a substructure of the diencephalon and acts as one of the most significant control centers of the brain. It is located inferior to the thalamus, encapsulates the ventral portion of the third ventricle, and lies just superior to the pituitary gland, which it has direct regulatory control over (Gunderson, 1996). Neurosecretory neurons in the hypothalamus secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones which are carried to the anterior pituitary where they exert their effects via hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal veins. Included in the many functions of the hypothalamus are regulation of food and water intake, autonomic function, emotions, body temperature, motor functions, and circadian sleep-wake cycles (Kalat, 2004). Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus include Thyrotropin- releasing hormone, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, Growth- releasing hormone, Corticotropin-releasing hormone, Somatostatin, and Dopamine (Klaus,n.d.). Medically, a lesion is a term referring to abnormal tissue in the body that can be caused by many factors including disease, trauma, infection, or neoplasm which is an abnormal growth of tissue, such as a tumor (Healthopedia.com, n.d.). For the purpose of this paper tumor and lesion will be used interchangeably. As a neurologist I am a medical doctor with specialized training in diagnosing, treating, and managing disorders of the brain and nervous system, including diagnosis of brain tumors. As a professional I act as the primary care provider for patients with chronic neurological problems and as a consultant to other physicians who have clients suspected of having a condition involving the nervous system (Life NPH, n.d.). A neurological examination allows me to effectively diagnose the condition of the patient and suggest appropriate treatment options. I first review the patient's health history with special attention to the current condition. A patient suspected of having a disorder of the nervous system will be subjected to a general neurological examination which includes testing of eye movement and pupil reaction, hearing, reflexes, balance and coordination, sense of touch, sense of smell, facial muscle functioning, gag reflex, head movement, mental status, abstract thinking, and memory (Malhi, 2000). A full neurological examination is generally administered, despite any preconceived opinions of a patient’s potential ailment, in order to illustrate the condition as clearly as possible and rule out any alternative diagnosis. An examination takes 90 minutes or more in most cases and consists of a battery of tests. A neurological exam tests for a client’s level of function of the area of the nervous system involved in a given

Would Juluis caesar be a good king

Would Julius Caesar be a good king? Julius Caesar takes place in ancient Rome in 44 B. C. He was never technically king, but he came close to having the powers of a king, but he got killed before he could become one. He is very arrogant throughout the story while he is still alive. He is pretty stubborn while being p retty manipulative Just like almost every character in the play. I don't feel like he will be a good king just because of his arrogance. He also had his good qualities like being a military astermind.Caesar shows us his arrogance throughout the play. For example in Act 1 Scene 2 he says â€Å"Such men as he be never at heart's ease Whiles they behold a greater than themselves, and therefore are they very dangerous. I rather tell thee what is to be fear'd than what I fear, for always I am Caesar† . In this quote we can see that is Caesar unashamed of how arrogant he is being. This arrogance would cause him to do other errors like he did later in the story like igno ring his wife's dreamHe was great ruler because he led Rome in the right direction, but by doing so, in the process he was an arrogant and selfish ruler. He was great for Rome as a ruler but not for the people. Just like Brutus said in Act 2 Scene 1 â€Å"And therefore think him as a serpent's egg which, natch'd, would, as his kind, grow mischievous, and ill shell. † Here Brutus is comparing Caesar to a â€Å"Serpent's Egg† that is should be destroyed before it hatches and becomes dangerous if he becomes king.They are not afraid of him ecause he is a tyrant but will become one if he becomes the king of Rome. In the book Julius Caesar manipulation seems like a varsity sport. In Act 2 Scene 1 Caesar really deceives the Romans. He is putting a show and refusing that he doesn't want the crown, even though he would secretly love it deep inside. He thinks that refusal to the crown in front of the public is a smart political tactic to get people to love him and think he less ambitious or for lack of better word desperate.This is also a form of reverse hycology as Caesar is using it to make the crowd like him and even consider making him king as he is not greedy and hungry for it. In conclusion Caesar would be a great king for Rome but not for the Romans. He is a genius in warfare but is very arrogant which cost him his life. If he was king his arrogance would definitely be his downfall. And the romans would find out that he was manipulating them, it was Just a matter of time. He would be a very good war chief of be a ruler with Pompey but not a king all by himself.

Human Motivation the Influential Drive Behind Human Altruism

Human motivation the influential drive behind human altruism At the forefront of social psychology the issue of what motivates one to act in a prosocial manner has arisen with a vast array of theory and response. The heart of the topic lies in the ambiguity as to whether one acts altruistically as a result of an innate response of empathy and compassion, or merely due to self interest. By definition altruism refers to, â€Å"behaviour that helps people with no apparent gain or with potential cost to one’s self†, (Western 2006). Yet, this concept in itself is not unproblematic in that undoubtedly displays of altruism exist, but may not ultimately be driven by selflessness. Motivation is indisputably the integral drive behind human behaviour, and is the most crucial factor influencing human altruism. Reciprocal altruism; simply the idea that we offer assistance and expect it returned, is undeniably practiced with the motivation of one’s personal wellbeing in mind. Similarly, the concept of motivation also provides a logical understanding of kin selection whereby we are inclined to help our genetic related, as aiding one’s family will ultimate better one’s self. A cost rewards analysis, as well as social exclusion can also be depicted as highly motivated by a person’s needs and survival; and therefore can once more be deemed selfish. Thus, by grasping a concrete understanding of one’s ultimate purpose in a given situation, the question as whether we are driven by a natural selfless capacity or with intention of maximizing personal gain can be ascertained. Unquestionably, acts of genuine and authentic altruism exist, however in situations that help is required, consciously or subconsciously the helper is more likely to personally benefit from their action, than not. A motive refers to the goal or object of a person’s action. Human nature is inherently selfish, therefore when deciding whether to engage in a prosocial act; an individual’s primary concern is oneself. This is not always conscious to the individual, yet whether it is a simple question of the motives for an occupation, or concern for the environment; it is linked to maximizing personally or for society as a whole. Krous (2005), conducted research in order to determine what would motivate people in help related fields such as psychology, education and nursing to work with underserved populations; which consist of groups such as ethnic minorities, the mentally ill, the homeless and elderly. The research was conducted using 135 students from Midwestern University majoring in help related fields. Whilst factors such as work autonomy, troubled past experiences or a parent in a helping profession did inspire some to work with such groups, economic reward and prosperity as well as diverse training proved to be vital to a vast majority. Another way in which we can relate people’s motivations with the concern for themselves is through their view on the environment. This was put to the test through a study by Berenguer (2007) whereby participants were presented with illustrations of eight large trees being cut down and a dead bird on the beach covered in oil. The findings concluded that participants conveyed empathy and were dismayed by the devastating state of the environment. One needs to pose the question; what motivates one to act altruistically toward the environment? The simple fact that they are ultimately a part of the environment that they endeavor to save, and thus prevent the personal and societal hardship that would follow its total destruction. The concept that an individual’s sense of belonging in a group impacts upon their willingness to behave in a socially caring manner, once more brings the notion of selfishness to the fore. People are encouraged by their culture and society to take part in prosocial behavior. While engaging in a prosocial act often entails risk and cost to oneself, in the big picture, belonging to a group provides vast benefits. The concept that one’s belongingness will ultimately impact upon a person’s willingness to engage in a prosocial act is questioned in a number of research experiments conducted by Twenge (2007). Experiment One – donating money; had 34 participants take a personality test. Responders were randomly allocated a personality summary of either ‘future alone’, ‘future belonging’, or ‘misfortune control condition. ’ Each participant received $2 for taking part and were informed that there was a collection for the Student Emergency fund. The results had only 37% of the ‘future alone’ donate to the fund contrasting with 100% of the participants in the other groups. Thus, social exclusion lead to a significant decrease in helping behaviour. This suggests that one’s emotional state will pertain to their ability to offer empathetic understanding and an inclination to help others, as Twenge states, â€Å"Social exclusion apparently renders the prosocial behaviour tool temporarily useless. † Therefore, when an individual is emotionally vulnerable and lacking self-esteem they lose their ability to care for the wellbeing of others. Once more the proving human beings as self-interested creatures who are only willing to help when they feel they have been helped or that their society accepts them. Evolutionary theories pertaining to altruism have played a nodal role in understanding human motivations, and moreover through the kin selection theory and the concept of reciprocal altruism emphases once again that we are compelled by rational self-interest, to always put ourselves first. Kin selection focuses on actions of people who are genetically related as stated by Neyer (2003), â€Å"blood is thicker than water, implying that kin are generally favored over non-kin. The motive behind a parent, whether human or animal in protecting their off springs is in their attempt to protect and ensure the next generation. The protection of our genetic code is explored by Maynard Smith (1964), which explains that we are more than likely to help direct family over our more distant family and our more distant family over non-ki n. This idea is heightened in a study conducted by Burnstein (1994) which found that life or death helping was significantly more likely to be offered with close genetic relatedness. The notion of looking after one’s genetic coding for future generations, through the idea of kin selection once more exemplifies the way in which we are hard-wired to act in a socially caring manner to maximize person gain. â€Å"Reciprocal Altruism†, refers to the way in which humans help another person, thus building a relationship where help is expected to be returned at a later date. It is an evolutionary process that clarifies prosocial acts that occur among the non-related. A basic example of such an exchange is acknowledged by Fitness (2007), whereby two fishermen in a village agree to share what they catch for the day with one another. Therefore if one fisherman does not catch any fish they are reassured that they will not go hungry. Such an example supports the theory that engaging in reciprocal altruism increases the chances of survival over individuals who act selfishly, as long as both parties involved reciprocate. Our willingness to help is determined by the likelihood that the help will be returned, therefore in a situation where a stranger requires help it is unlikely that an act will be reciprocated and therefore we feel less inclined to help. In order for the survival of reciprocal altruism, Dovidio (2006) explains that there must be a willingness to chastise those who do cheat and find ways of gratifying individuals that voluntarily refrain from cheating. Reciprocal altruism can be considered a two way street, a relationship in which both parties will profit; and therefore is a response visibly motivated to maximize personal gain. The cost and benefits of engaging in a prosocial act ultimately determines ones willingness to involve themselves, hence supporting the concept that we are hard-wire for personal gain. From this view, humans are rational and chiefly concerned with their own self-interest and agenda. Dovidio (2006) explains the notion of a cost reward analysis, whereby in a potential helping situation the individual weighs the possible costs and benefits in order to reach the most desired outcome. An important aspect of grasping the parameters of prosocial behavior consists of learning when people will help. Dovidio (2006) references the assault of Kitty Genovese, whereby arriving home late from work she was brutally attacked outside her apartment building. This horrific event took place over 45 minutes whereby the attacker returned three times, finally stabbing her to death; with a shocking 38 onlookers that did nothing to help. This incident confirms the view that we are predominantly concerned with our own survival and self-interest as the potential helpers perceived the dangers to dominate over the benefits. Contrastingly, Dovidio (2006) cites the case of Reginald Denny, who was brutally beaten during the civil disturbance in Los Angeles in 1992. Four African Americans were watching nearby on live television and rushed to the scene fending off his attackers and transporting him to hospital, consequently saving his life. Whilst the four helpers were deemed heroes and rewarded with internal benefits of self satisfaction and fulfillment of one’s duty, it challenges the idea that we are hard-wired for personal gain as this act is undeniably a genuine expression of altruism. continuum There is a vast array of motivators that explain why humans engage in altruistic behaviour, a large majority pertaining to the desire to maximize personal gain. Such motivations are reinforced by the evolutionary theories on kin selection and reciprocal altruism; as well as one’s emotional state and the concept of a cost and reward analysis. This is not to say expressions of genuine altruism do not exist, as we have clearly established they do; they are simply few and far between. It is evident that humans have the capacity both to be incredibly selfish and heroically altruistic it would seem that tragically selfishness is hard-wired into us where we are motivated with one leading concern, ourselves. References * John F. Dovidio, Jane Allyn Piliavin, David A. Schroeder, Louis A. Penner. (2006) Social Psychology of Prosocial Behaviour. [Book] Chapter 3 – The Context: When will people help? Chapter 4 – Why do people help? * Krous, Tangala M. D. ; Nauta, Margaret M. (2005) Values, Motivations, and Learning Experiences of Future Professionals: Who Wants to Serve Underserved Populations? [Education and Training in Professional Psychology. ] Volume 36(6), pg 688-694 * Twenge, Jean (M). ; Baumeister, Roy (F); DeWall,(C). Nathan; Ciarocco, Natalie (J); Bartels, (J). Michael. (2007). Journal or Personality and Social Psychology. Social exclusion decrease Prosocial behaviour. Volume 92 (1) p56-66 * Berenguer, J. (2007). The Effect of Empathy in Proenvironmental Attitudes. Environment and Behaviour, 39; 269 * Westen, D. (2006). Psychology 4th edition. John Wiley and Sons, Hobeoken. United States of America * Neyer, Franz J. ; Lang, Frieder R. (2003). Blood is thicker than water. Kinship Orientation among adults. The Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol – 84. Pg 310-321 * Fitness (2007). Lecture – Altruism and Prosocial Behaviour