Land Cover And Climate Change In Minnesota Environmental Sciences Essay

Anthropogenic land usage alteration is an of import issue in planetary alteration surveies. Population growing has resulted in an of all time increasing demand for nutrient, which is in bend resulted in a world-wide enlargement and intensification of cropland and grazing land ( Turner et al. , 1990 ) . Most of the clip, this enlargement took topographic point at the cost of natural primary grassland and wood ( Goldewijk, 2001 ) . Changes in land screen have considerable impact on local and regional clime, including regional air temperature, hydrological cycling and biogeochemical cycling. Vegetation features like rooting deepness, canopy denseness, flora tallness and evaportranspiration rate ( stomata conductance ) can all impact the regional clime. Land screen alteration can modify the land surface reflective power, therefore change the energy balance of the Earth surface. Both leaf colour and canopy denseness contribute to albedo. If the homo induced cropland/pasture has higher reflective power, so the Earth surface will reflect more solar radiation and absorb less. The surface temperature of the Earth will be reduced, frailty versa. Cropland normally has higher evaportranspiration rate than natural grassland. Thus an country modified from natural grassland to cropland, for illustration, may increase the local H2O vaporization rate. The dirt will be drier due to higher evaportranspiration rate, but it is difficult to state if the precipitation will increase or diminish in this part harmonizing to increased H2O vaporization rate, because it is depending on the air circulation form of this part, excessively. The hydrological rhythm and the energy rhythm are non independent from each other. The stage alteration of H2O affect the energy rhythm through absorbing and let go ofing latent heat. Wind form may alter due to set down screen alteration. When a natural wood is cut down to turn harvests, for illustration, the surface raggedness will be mostly changed. Wind velocity within this part, as a consequence, will increase because of decreased shear emphasis & A ; Acirc ; at the surface. Change of land screen besides affects the green house emanation of the ecosystem to the ambiance.2. Evidences of Land Cover Change of Minnesota over the past 300 old ages2.1 Historical archiveIn 1837, land of Minnesota was purchased from the Sioux Indians around the St. Croix River. Lumbermans and husbandmans settled the first little towns of Minnesota, including St. Paul, St Anthony ( Minneapolis ) , and Stillwater. In late 1800s, wheat farms were started in southern Minnesota and Minneapolis became one of the universe & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s taking flour centres. In 1878, 68.98 % of tilled land in Minnesota devoted to wheat production, the high point for wheat husbandmans in Minnesota.2.2 Land SurveySurveyors puting out Minnesota ‘s public land study system in 1848-1907 recorded the size and species of the larger trees they used as markers ( bearing trees ) , every bit good as general descriptions of the physical geographics of the landscape they traversed. Although non a complete flora study, the General Land Office records provide much valuable item about how the province looked at the clip of European colony. Figure 1 describes land screen informations from the mid-1800s, as recorded at the clip of European colony. & A ; Acirc ; The southern and western parts of the province are natural prairie. Oak gaps and aspen-oak lands, in assorted sunglassess of brown, expanse from the Northwest to the sou'-east. The northern wood in northeast portion of the province is a rag carpet of leafy vegetables, blues, violet-pinks, and greies. mnorveg.gif Figure 1 Minnesota Early Settlement Vegetation. Before Settlement, the West lodger and southwest portion of Minnesota is largely covered by prairie. Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mngeo.state.mn.us/chouse/land_use_historic.html & A ; Acirc ; This map is besides known as the Marschner map. It outlines merely how much of the province was one time wet prairie, oak gaps, Big Woods, assorted hardwood, or any of a twelve other vegetive types that have been absolutely changed by 19th- and 20th-century human habitation.2.3 Proxy informationsFossil pollen informations are chiefly a placeholder for works copiousnesss and community composing. Pollen records have been used to gauge the flora alterations over North America ( Grimm, 2001 ; Williams et al. , 2007 ; Wright et al. , 2004 ) ; unluckily, pollen informations have been of small usage peculiarly for the appraisal of human impacts on flora and land screen ( Anderson et al. , 2006 ; Gaillard et al. , 2008 ) . Alternatively, Goldewijk 2001 used human population denseness as a proxy index to gauge the planetary cropland distribution and generated a planetary land screen alteration map during last 300 twelvemonth ( Figure 2 ) . past 300 years.png Figure 2 Global Land screen alteration during last 300 old ages adapted from ( Goldewijk, 2001 ) .If expression at Upper Midwest of United States, we can see that the biggest alteration happened between 1800 and 1900, which is precisely the clip of European Settlement.2.4 Modern land screen in Minnesota and decision of Land usage alterationThe land screen of Minnesota in 2000 is shown in Figure 3. Up to 44 % of the province is taken up by agricultural land. Most of the prairie in Figure 1 has been changed into harvest land. We can seldom see original native prairie now in this province. MN2000.png Figure 3 Land Cover of Minnesota in 2000. Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //lakesandland.umn.edu/browse.html Based on the historical archive, land study and placeholder informations, we can reason that the land screen of Minnesota experienced a monolithic alteration from native prairie to cropland largely in the West lodger and southwest portion of the province. This is largely due to anthropogenetic alteration during early colony.3. Evidences of Climate Change of Minnesota over past 300 old ages3.1 Historical ArchiveIn 1894, a monolithic wood fire caused by distinct logging dust encompasses Hinckley, MN. In 1899, Minnesota ‘s timber industry reaches its extremum. In 1900, Virginia, Minnesota destroyed by fire once more. In 1918, Cloquet and Moose Lake, Minnesota are destroyed by fire. From historical archive, we can deduce that in early 1900s, Minnesota was dry. Fire frequence additions if the environing air is drier. If this premise is right, so we can inquire the inquiry: Is land screen change the cause of this waterlessness in early 1900 in Minnesota?3.2 Instrumental informationsInstrumental information in this part goes back to 1890. Although there is no clime informations before colony, we can still acquire an thought how the clime looks like after the colony. For air temperature, we can see that the fluctuation of province broad one-year mean temperature has increased from 40.5oC to around 42oC during the last 120 old ages. The inter-annual fluctuation is about 0.4oC. Although the tendency is acquiring heater, the hottest twelvemonth did non demo up late but was 1932, around 0.5oC above normal. instrumental temperature.png Figure Minnesota province averaged one-year temperature. Red line is one-year temperature. Solid green line is mean over the full period. Dashed green line is the standard divergence. The bluish stars are the running means. This information is from Minnesota province climatology office-DNR Division of Ecological and Water Resources, University of Minnesota. Link: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/divplot1_form.pl? 2106 instrumental precipitation.png Figure 5 Instrumental informations of Minnesota one-year precipitation. Symbols are the same as in Figure 4. Precipitation dropped dramatically in the period of 1895 to 1935. After that precipitation bit by bit increased to a normal value. The bead of precipitation in late 1800s and early 1900s may hold something to make with the land screen alteration. However, we need more grounds to turn out that. We need the clime record before colony to compare with the instrumental information to see if this tendency from 1895 to 1935 is caused by land screen alteration or clime fluctuation. In order to reply the inquiry how land screen alteration has an impact on the regional clime in Minnesota, we need to happen alternate tools and proxy informations.4. Possible placeholder informations and tool that could be used in this survey4.1 Stable C isotope of tree rings The inter-annual waterlessness wetness differences and the microclimate displacement during a turning season have impacts on the tree ring stable isotope signature. There are two stable isotopes for C: 12C and 13C. Due to their different neutron Numberss, they have different weight. When workss carry oning photosynthesis, it is easier for them to repair the lighter carbon- 12C, and left more and more 13C in the air. This is called favoritism consequence. This favoritism consequence gives the works a more negative isotope signature: . The isotope signature is calculated as: . Here means the sample we are examine ( e.g. tree pealing fragment ) . is a invariable, which is a planetary criterion that all of the isotope ratios over the universe can compare to. When the environing air becomes drier, the works pore will be smaller to forestall H2O loss. This besides prevents CO2 from come ining the works leaves. Under this circumstance, the works will cut down its favoritism consequence, which makes itself more positive ( Figure 6, Leavitt, 2007 ) . isotope.png Figure 6 The relationship between C isotope ratio and regional waterlessness 4.2 Using Model to imitate how land screen alteration will impact regional clime Numeral surveies have been focused on how land screen alteration will modify local to regional clime. Among other surveies, Bonan 1997 utilizing LSM1.0 coupled with an atmospheric general circulation theoretical account to imitate effects of land usage alteration on the clime of United States. He considered non merely the grassland to cropland transition in cardinal North America, but besides deforestation and harvest planting in the Eastern United States. What he has found, nevertheless, is a small spot different from our hypothesis: dampening of the near-surface ambiance by 0.5 to 1.5 g kg1 over much of the United States in spring and summer. These alterations in surface temperature and wet extend good into the ambiance, up to 500 megabit, and impact the boundary bed and atmospheric circulation.DrumheadTo reason, land usage alteration affects on regional clime from different facets. In order to understand how land usage alteration in Minnesota has modified the regional clime, more proxy information is needed to widen the instrumental information thirster. Besides, theoretical accounts can be used to prove our apprehension of the mechanism, besides give us opportunity to retrace the old clime.

Emerging adulthood Essay

One of the most important features of emerging adulthood is that this age period allows for exploration in love, work, and worldviews more than any other age period. The process of identity formation emerges in adolescence but mostly takes place in emerging adulthood. Regarding love, although adolescents in the United States usually begin dating between ages 12 and 14, they usually view this dating as recreational. It is not until emerging adulthood that identity formation in love becomes more serious.[4] While in the United States during adolescence dating usually occurs in groups and in situations such as parties and dances, in emerging adulthood, relationships last longer and often include sexual relations as well as cohabitation.[5] As far as work, the majority of working adolescents in the United States tend to see their jobs as a way to make money for recreational activities rather than preparing them for a future career.[6] In contrast, 18 to 25 year olds in emerging adulthood view their jobs as a way to obtain the knowledge and skills that will prepare them for their future adulthood careers. Undergoing changes in worldviews is a main division of cognitive development during emerging adulthood.[7] People in emerging adulthood that choose to attend college often begin college or university with the worldview they were raised with and learned in childhood and adolescence. However, emerging adults who have attended college or university have been exposed to and have considered different worldviews, and eventually commit to a worldview that is distinct from the worldview with which they were raised by the end of their college or university career.[ Emerging adulthood is the sole age period where there is nothing that is demographically consistent.[16][17] In contrast, of adolescents in the United States up to age 18, over 95% live at home with at least one parent, 98% are not married, under 10% have become parents, and more than 95% attend school.[18] Similarly, people in their thirties are also demographically normative: 75% are married, 75% are parents, and under 10% attend school.[18] Residential status and school attendance are two reasons that the period of emerging adulthood is incredibly distinct demographically. Regarding residential status, emerging adults in the United States have very diverse living situations.[4] About one third of emerging  adults attend college and spend a few years living independently while partially relying on adults.[19] Contrastingly, 40% of emerging adults do not attend college but live independently and work full-time.[19] Finally, around two-thirds of emerging adults in the United States cohabitate with a romantic partner.[20] Regarding school attendance, emerging adults are extremely diverse in their educational paths (Arnett, 2000, p. 470-471). Over 60% of emerging adults in the United States enter college or university the year after they graduate from high school.[21] However, the emerging adulthood years that follow college are extremely diverse – only about 32% of 25-29 year-olds have finished four or more years of college.[18] This is because higher education is usually pursued non-continuously, where some pursue education while they also work, and some do not attend school for periods of time.[4] Further contributing to the variance, about one third of emerging adults with bachelor’s degrees pursue a postgraduate education within a year of earning their bachelor’s degree.[22] Thus, because there is so much demographic instability, especially in residential status and school attendance, it is clear that emerging adulthood is a distinct entity based on its demographically non-normative qualities, at least in the United States.

Behaviour Management

KIDS Positive Behaviour Management Policy and procedures Policy 33 1. Context KIDS has the following policy in place for positive behaviour management. In particular, it is recognised that some form of sanction will be necessary where there are instances of behaviours which would in any family or group environment be considered unacceptable; this policy provides guidance for use of appropriate and effective sanctions. This policy is supplemented by KIDS physical constraints and restraint policy and procedures. 2. General Positive behaviour management Policy 2. Philosophy KIDS believes that children flourish best when their personal, social and emotional needs are met and where there are clear developmentally appropriate expectation for their behaviour. KIDs aims to promote positive behaviour throughout its settings and to help the children understand and respect the needs and rights of others. 2. 2 Aims and guidelines These guidelines concern both the physical and emotional care of t he child(ren) looked after. 1. All children have certain physical and emotional needs. The most obvious ones are warmth, comfort, adequate food and sleeping arrangements, cleanliness, exercise and rest as necessary.Some children with a disability may have additional physical needs, such as extra warmth, physical supports and equipment, special exercises or physiotherapy and medical requirements. 2. The emotional needs of all children include security, affection, consistent responses from those around them, a recognisable routine (e. g. at bedtime and mealtimes), exceptions which are appropriate for their stage of development, and opportunities for playing and having fun and approval. 3. We expect our staff to be aware of these physical and emotional needs and, with the help of parents and KIDS staff to meet them for every child s/he cares for. . All children need to have limits set when their behaviour is not acceptable. If children feel secure and understood, the incidents of disru ptive behaviour are greatly reduced. Children rarely demonstrate inappropriate behaviour without good reason. It is the task of the worker to try and understand why a child is behaving in a particular way. 2. 3 Appropriate use of sanctions Any sanction used must be related to the child’s age and level of understanding, realistic and sensitive; enforceable, and applied consistently.It is preferable, if possible, that there is continuity in the setting of limits and how behaviour is managed between all those involved in the care of a child. 3. Positive behaviour management procedures †¢ Reasonable steps must be taken at all times to ensure a healthy and safe environment. Staff provide a role model for children, and the development of consistent attitudes to safety and good practice by staff should have a beneficial effect upon the children. †¢ Basic playground rules – drawn up in consultation with the children -help ensure the service operates smoothly. There s hould be a friendly, welcoming atmosphere that promotes respect between all children and Playworkers. †¢ There should be a wide range of culturally appropriate activities and images available to all the children. †¢ The team must be consistent in the methods they use, back each other up and support each other. Experiences should be shared and discussed at team meetings. †¢ Staff should challenge discriminatory comments (see KIDs anti bullying policy) and take positive action to overcome unacceptable behaviour.Strategies for dealing with this should be discussed with staff and, where appropriate, parents/carers. Staff should talk to children about their behaviour and consequences of negative behaviour. 4. Dealing with conflict 4. 1 Dealing with conflict: principles All playgrounds aim to develop a safe environment in which children are encouraged to express themselves freely, and which fosters the social and emotional development of the children who come to the site. C onflicts do arise at times, and incidents need to be handled sensitively and consistently.Conflicts can occur for various resons, including frustration, disruptive/uncooperative behaviour, lack of space, competition over equipment, bullying and teasing, and misunderstandings When conflicts do arise it is essential that: †¢ Actions are taken to calm the children down, and to allow them to express how they are feeling in a way that is safe to other children. †¢ A positive, calm approach is maintained, both physically and verbally. †¢ Negative behaviour is not rewarded. †¢ The response to a situation should take account of the child’s level of understanding/ability. Blame is not attributed to individuals in situations involving more than one child. The focus should always be on dealing with unacceptable behaviour, the children should never feel it is they who are unacceptable. 4. 2 Effective and appropriate sanctions The principles of effective sanctions are generally that they should: Be as informal as possible, and not escalate. Be as balanced by rewards Be as near in time as possible to the offence, be relevant and understood, and be seen to be just. Follow from clear rules and explanations from the worker as to what is expected of the child.The following are examples of what sanctions may be used: Reasonable defence of oneself from, or restraint of, a child who is lashing out. â€Å"Holding† firmly, but carefully, can be helpful to a younger child. If in the situation of any of these are likely to lead to injury, it is sensible not to use them, and to know what or may not be safe in relation to the child’s disability. Shouting or clapping your hands, for example, as a distraction to a toddler in a dangerous situation. Withdrawal of sweets or special food/ drink treats, or TV, for a limited period – the younger the child, the shorter the length of time this should continue.Sending a child to another room for a sh ort period (but checking on them regularly whilst they are alone is sensible and shows you are still caring). Imposing closer supervision – keeping the child with you. Keep balancing the sanctions with rewards (especially praise) for good behaviour, so that the negative cycle does not take over. Keep a record of problems and sanctions so that you can refer to it to keep an account of the child’s progress and also for reasons of accountability is a complaint is made. It is sometimes necessary to physically retrain a child who is about to harm him/herself, others or property.For conditions and procedures applicable to physical restraint, please refer to KIDS Physical contact and restraint policy. All uses of physical restraint must be recorded. 4. 3 Examples of unacceptable sanctions The list below is intended as general guidance of sanctions that are unacceptable and is not inclusive. The omission of any particular practice does not imply that is it acceptable. Staff wi ll have the opportunity to raise issues arising from their work, for discussion and clarification within supervision. Use corporal punishment e. g. lapping, hitting a child with an implement (for example, a belt or slipper), throwing a missile, shaking, rough handling, squeezing, pushing and punching/ Impose a punishment which ridicules a child e. g. clothes which draw attention to them inappropriately, clothes which are too small or too large, pyjamas during the day, humiliating a child deliberately in front of others. Deny a child food or drink, or the normal ranges/he expects. Coerce a child to eat what you know s/he does not like and is not normally expected to eat. Deliberately frighten, intimidate, threaten or belittle a child, or lock her/ him in e. . a cupboard, bedroom, or send them to bed unreasonably early. Restrict or withhold medication, which could be dangerous. Deprive a child of sleep. Involve the child in any physical contact, which is inappropriate in view of their history, which s/he might see as threatening or uncomfortable, or which exposes the worker or child to the arousal of sexual feelings. Review This policy will be reviewed annually and if necessary adjusted to: – incorporate any changes to legislation; – include any improvements that may have been identified. Most recent review: May 2008

Libya ongoing revolutions and protests in the countries Essay

Libya ongoing revolutions and protests in the countries - Essay Example Libyan revolution is also a moment where Libyan masses have stood against the dictatorship of Gaddafi. Libyan people rebelled against ideology and dysfunctional Gaddafi government (Burleigh 2011). As often happens, elements of ideology have inspired a genuine form of them to commence a revolution against the rulers. Gaddafi always mentioned Libya as â€Å"state of the masses† which is against the reality (Meo 2011). Revolution against his mockery is getting strength day by day. It is worth mentioning that revolution is non-dominant by any specific class as Libya stood as a single nation against Gaddafi (Al Jazeera 2011). Gaddafi’s Libya does not follow any law and rule in the country, his might and power is the law of state. Gaddafi thinks that Libya cannot survive without his leadership ad without his family. Gaddafi has been found involved in rebellious activities outside the Libyan borders as well. With such a long history of brutality and violence, every Libyan is a ware of the consequences of opposing him but even than people are protesting to be free of his rule (Meo 2011). The revolution has spread from Benghazi, to the capital city Tripoli (BBC 2011). Masses are able to get control over the large area after the onset of revolution in March this year. Gaddafi regime is slowly moving to its end as soldiers, police officers, and diplomats are reluctant to suppress their own citizens (Al Jazeera 2011). The protests show no sign of support. In fact, the Gaddafi’s regime has shaken. Reports indicate that soldiers, police officers, and diplomats are defecting. Air force pilots are reluctant to bomb civilian population, choosing instead to crash their warplanes (Al Jazeera 2011). Arab world has all the sympathies and support with Libyan people. Outcome of the confrontation is still not clear but people are energized to get their territory free of Dictator Gaddafi. Most of the protests took place around famous Green Square. Gaddafi government to suppress the uprising used all military machinery. The New York Times reported that the crackdown in Libya as the bloodiest of the recent government actions that casted hundreds of lives (BBC 2011). Several Libyan officials resigned during protests while others left the government. Funeral processions faced gunfires in the eastern city of Benghazi killing people and wounding many more. Benghazi city's residents faced the battle bravely in the streets imposed by brutal security forces sent from the capital. One man, who gave his name only as Mohammed talked to the BBC that "The army is joining the citizens, the people are going out of their homes and fighting street by street and they are winning† (Meo 2011). Therefore, number of anti government supporters is increasing fast. Gaddafi has refused to resign from his office despite severe retaliation of policies by the people of Libya. Good amount of army troops are committed to enforce the will of Moammar Gaddafi on the innoc ent people of Libya (BBC 2011). Gaddafi’s government ordered to open fire on the protesters gathered in Tripoli. The people gave their blood to continue the revolution until dictators leaves the office and democracy is restored. People of an oil rich soil are deprived of the jobs and basic facilities for decades (Meo 2011). NATO forces operated against the Gaddafi’s supporting agencies to protect the Libyan people. NATO successfully

Analysis of The Media Reaction Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of The Media Reaction - Article Example The president of CW, Dawn Ostroff is all praises for her involvement and dedication to her job and the way she is handling production of two shows and planning drama and comedy for to keep the show on the air for a longer time and get higher viewer count. What this article does point out is the fact that there are very few entertainment programs showing predominantly Afro American star cast these days. Most of the programs which used to have Afro American cast in the main lead are long over and that the current ones do not reflect this segment of the society that well on the small screen. There is an increasing trend to have 'colorless' themes for entertainment on the T.V. shows. It gives a significant analysis that though out the fact that though there are more colored actors than ever before they are not getting more work as there are no stories depicting representing their culture. All the segments of the media cannot be accused of relying on stereotypes when depicting a certain group.  Stereotypes are more common in movies and TV shows where colored ethnic groups tend to be shown a typical image associated with them over successive generations. Print media and articles are very careful in not allowing any bias from entering in their news items and editorials.  

Industry Analysis on Coach Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Industry Analysis on Coach - Assignment Example It is now recognized as a leading luxury goods producer in America with the brand image affordable luxury. The company’s current product line consists of Coach Handbags, Accessories, Wearables, Footwear, Jewelry, Sunwear, Travel Bags, Watches and Fragrance (Coach). Market Size Currently Coach Inc. is recognized as a large, profitable and growing American manufacturer of accessories and gifts for men and women. It owns approximately a 30% market share of the accessories and gifts manufacturing industry in the world. Coach Inc. has a significant influence on the accessories and gifts manufacturing industry in America. Net income and gross profit of the company amounted 353 million and 1.09 billion dollars respectively as at the end quarter of 2012 (Wikiinvest). Moreover, Coach Inc. employed approximately 18,000 people on a full and part time basis as of June 30, 2012 (Coach). Market Growth Rate Coach sales marked a sharp drop during January 2013. The company’s sales dropp ed by 2% in markets located in North America. North America is considered the largest market location of Coach Inc. It is listed as one of the largest companies in the S&P 500 stock market index. In January 2013, Coach Inc. was the largest declining company in the S&P 500 list. The company also failed to achieve the sales targets set for the same month (Cheng). Nevertheless, the company management is optimistic about the future sales because the yearly performance in 2012 recorded positive growth. During 2012, the price of the company shares rose by 20.9%; net sales increased by 14.5% to $4.76 billion, direct-to-consumer sales rose by 16.1% to $4.23 billion, comparable sales in Coach’s North American stores increased by 6.6%. Moreover, Coach opened 9 new retail stores and 26 new factory stores and brought the total number of retail and factory stores to 354 and 169, respectively, in North America. Another 10 factory stores were also expanded. Coach China opened 30 stores in n ew locations, bringing the total number of locations to 96. Coach Japan opened 11 new locations, bringing the total number of locations to 180 towards the end of 2012. Thus at this stage, it is impossible to determine whether the Coach Inc. market is declining or growing (Cheng). Score of Competitive Rivalry The company’s products are sold in over 20 countries in the world including North America, Japan, Hong Kong, Macau, China, Taiwan, and Singapore. Coach products are directly sold to the customers via company-operated stores in these countries. Direct-to-consumer is the prominent marketing strategy of Coach Inc. The company is also engaged in indirect marketing, i.e., sales to wholesale customers, distributors, licensed firms and web based marketing. For Coach Inc., the world is the market. Thus, the opportunity for obtaining the benefits of economies of scale is a major advantage for Coach Inc. However, it also faces issues relating to trading across borders such as loss in fair value, earnings or cash flows arising from adverse changes in interest rates or foreign currency exchange rates. The company’s policy focuses on reinvesting the profits earned abroad in the same country. Furthermore, Coach Inc.’ Annual Report 2012 reveals that the company uses the following distinguished marketing strategies to remain its annual sales revenues: (1) Distinctive Brand: Coach offers distinctive, easily

Revisions to Data Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Revisions to Data Analysis - Case Study Example The technologist forum comprised of mostly computer engineers that I work with, and most dimensions came from followers and fiends on Twitter and Facebook. Further, the results showed more skewedness towards males with college degrees who are computer savvy due to the nature and the participants of the survey. The positive fact concerning my respondents was that they were not from majorly one age bracket or residential area. Since the research question involves the addictive character of users of social media, it was relevant to use Facebook and Twitter specifically because they are the most visited and popular social networks in recent times. No any other social media sites were included in the survey as the main concern revolved around the habitual logging in of Facebook and Twitter. The imaginative idea of evaluating the behaviors of solely the youthful users of social media appeared to be insufficient to give a final conclusion of the consequences of media addiction in recent times (Zemmels 8). To be more specific, the survey/ research carried out was not to be assumed basing on mentalities and stereotypes of the society, rather, a true reflection of the participants’ responses were highly relied on. No result of a particular age group, gender, or occupation was used as a reflection of the corresponding group; the results were uniquely observed and analyzed. To make the results more realistic I had to open up my mind and integrate some few considerations into the study. First, the questionnaires were framed in such a manner that they could make it easier to find out the reasons for accessing social media and why the much time spent there. Also asked were the preferences of the respondents for online communication as compared to face-to-face relations. An investigation of the relations between levels of sociability and the total time spend on social media was a

Managing in an Inclusive Environment Diversity Essay

Managing in an Inclusive Environment Diversity - Essay Example Meisinger 2007 State of Workplace Diversity Management Report conveys that a survey with 1400 HR Professionals reveal that 52 percent of the respondents believe that diversity practices accomplish specific business objectives to a large extent. Still, these respondents had stated that diversity management remains a challenge because, diversity management field is not well-defined or understood, focuses too much on compliance, and places too much emphasis on ethnicity and also on gender. Creating an Inclusive work environment pays. By bringing about diversity programs an organization can create such environment. There are at least 19 business houses, which have taken seriously and brought in enviable diversity programs. These efforts include such interventions like giving women of color access to variety of support networks, extending leadership development programs to minority groups and diversity workshops to managers Chubb Group of Insurance Companies have offered a comprehensive diversity initiative called 'Reach Up, Reach Out, Reach Down', in which high-potential employees of color receive management training and development opportunities. Almost a quarter of female employees who took advantage of management training last year were women of color. Compliance is no doubt an important factor. ... Competitive Advantage Experts are of opinion that there are valuable competitive advantage in employing diverse work groups and they offer seven good reasons why an organisation should have diverse workforce : 1. It is the right thing to do, both ethically and morally. 2. A diversity helps complying with the laws regarding issues of discrimination. 3. Having diversity in a company opens up marketing opportunities, because prejudice aspects of customers are substantially balanced 4. A diverse group of people provides better and varied ideas. 5. Companies want to hold themselves out as the employer of choice. 6. Diversity helps retain your people. 7. Diversity initiatives impact the bottom line. [MANUEL ESPINOZA, (2007), 6-2-2009()] Compliance with law Compliance is no doubt an important factor. US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), has observed that, particularly after the Sep 11 attacks , focus was on preventing workplace discrimination, harassment and backlash against innocent employees and applicants for employment who were, or were perceived to be, Arab, Muslim, Middle Eastern, South Asian or Sikh. Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 2007 (ENDA, H.R. 3685) prohibits discrimination. Further, it would add 'Sexual orientation' to the list of protected groups, classified by race, religion, ethnicity, sex, age, disability and pregnancy. This would grant protection to gay men, lesbians and bisexuals against discrimination at the workplace. In the Constitution, free exercise of religion is an absolute right. The Workplace Religious Freedom Act of 2007 (WRFA, H.R. 1431) involves accommodation of religious freedom in the workplace. Currently, under Title VII of the Civil

Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 13

Presentation - Essay Example It is very complex and is currently only practiced in one developed country – Switzerland. Representative democracy. It allows the electorate to exercise their mandate to elect representatives to spearhead the will of the public. It comes as either parliamentary or presidential. Despite being very common all over the world, it is mostly partially practiced in the Developing World. Most countries under full dictatorship have the least development. The include Cuba, North Korea, Guinea, Belarus, Burma and Syria (Bailey 2013). Partial democracies are intertwined within dictatorships, making them unobvious. They are mainly practiced in Egypt, Pakistan, Philippines, and Thailand. Most of these countries have better economies than the ones listed under full dictatorship. Studies indicate that democracy has a direct relationship with development. However, such dictatorships as Saudi Arabia present the rare cases of countries blossoming with prosperity despite being governed dictatorially. Many developing countries have failed in promoting equality of their people, leading to low realization of democracy and development in these countries. Based on the discussed characteristics of democracy, including devolution of power and resources and political and civil freedom, it is apparent that full democratization offers the most obvious route to prosperity among nations in the Developing

Badly behaved pupils and parents put teachers off Essay Example for Free

Badly behaved pupils and parents put teachers off Essay Suggestions have been raised over the child benefits in United States. For example, Iain Duncan Smith’s suggested that child-related benefits should be limited to two offspring in a family. The fight against the child benefits aren’t justified as they are ill treated. The move should be encouraged as it has helped a good number of the families in the country, in addition limiting the benefit to only a handful (two) children in a family, it doesn’t really play the intended role in the society. Contrary to this, the government should be encouraged to continue with the child benefits program as it has been a gain to a big number of families. Despite the need to have family planning aspects among the people to control the number of children at each family, the child benefit from the government should still remain (Liz, 2014). Child benefit or better still child allowance is a social security payment distributed to parents, children or guardians which highly dependent on the number of children in a family. the child benefit has been effective in helping to support children from less advantaged families which has enables them access essential human needs such a education, food and such. The anti- child benefit campaigns should be shunned as the move is more beneficial to a good number of people and children in the society. Scrubbing the project would land more families especially the poor ones which cannot afford human basic wants. In other words it is the cash expenditure to families with kids not considering their parents income. The advantage amount may vary by the ordinal arrangement of the child, the age of the child, and/or the employment status of the parent. In addition to being of great benefit to the families and children, the benefit helps with extra cost to the families on the extra cost of children. The benefit also includes benefits for women who are pregnant or who have just given birth. The benefits are also helpful to partners whose partners have given birth, people who adopt, tax credits among other benefits. The benefit is essential when one has a responsibility for a child or a young person. In addition to child benefit, there is also the child tax credit. The benefit is also intertwined with the guardians allowances as well as both are meant to help children below the age of 18. The redeployment of income from childless households to families with children, in appreciation of the heavier financial weight incurred by child-rearing (Liz, 2014). Moreover, in order to enjoy the benefits of the child benefit, the benefiting families aren’t required to contribute any national insurance contribution and this in turn comes as gain to the poor families. In addition, the benefit isn’t offered to children who might be under the custody or in prison. In case of child death that was on the child benefit plan, the benefits continue to be given to the family for the next eight weeks. However, despite the benefit behind the child benefit payment, families should be encouraged to practice family planning in order to be able to raise the number of children whom they can comfortably support. The move is however, beneficial in case of calamities such as misfortunes and unemployment’s incase of the parents (Liz, 2014). The child benefit has been beneficial and should be maintained in order to keep boosting the upbringing of the children especially in the financially unstable family. In addition, when the parents loose their jobs they still have the chance to provide for their children, such as food and education. The benefit for the program is numerous and they outweigh the downside of the program. This program is one of the government programs for the grants to the people which have gone miles in assisting less fortunate families financially. A good number countries offer higher benefits levels or supplements for children with disabilities. Family allowances and child benefits are viewed as an instrument that can foster societal cohesion and progress and in turn should be maintained. The benefits also help in strengthening labor force attachments in the country and hence shouldn’t be abolished. Last and not the least, the benefit helps in supplementing the incomes of poor and modest income families with children as a means of reducing or preventing poverty. In conclusion, it’s clear that, the child benefit program is more beneficial to community, and in turn should be maintained. This means the anti-child benefit campaigns should be shunned as the program is of great help to the people. Article (II) Student Behaviour One of the driving forces behind the motivation of teachers in the school is the student behaviours. Badly behaved students are subject to putting off their teachers from the teaching profession. Teachers and school staff understands the changes encountered by students in school and provides them with relevant information and support needed. However, the dedication of the teachers and the staff depends much on the student behaviour and in most cases good behaved students encourages their teachers into the teaching profession. Contrary to this, badly behaved students and teachers are a discouraging factor to the teachers as they put them off from the teaching profession. It is ‘however’ true the student behaviour plays an important role in motivating and maintaining teachers into the profession. The survey is a true reflection of the teachers experience and the parent’s negligence in moulding their children’s behaviour (Jessica, 2014). ‘Badly behaved pupils and parents put teachers off’ was a survey conducted by Guardian Teacher Networks which shows that a good number of teachers have once in awhile considered quitting the profession. Student and parent’s behaviour are essential towards the teacher’s performance in schools. A good number of schools have issues in reference to student behaviours in recent years, which have become a vital problem in modern society. One of factors behind poor student behaviours is collapse of family functions such as divorced family, single parenthood, and children becomes isolated. This in turn leads to bad behaviour among parents and/or students, which de-motivates the teachers. According to the survey, it is clear that, the student or the pupil’s behaviours directly influence the performance of the teachers. Bad behaviour among parents and pupils would negatively influence the teachers and in turn them off from the work. Students who develop behavioural problems from their families are a discouraging aspect to the teachers. It is believed that, pupils/learns important skills and knowledge such as morals and wisdom, which are normally learned from their parents. The survey shows that, the student behaviour is one of the driving factors behind motivated and dedicated teachers (Jessica, 2014). One of the effects of bad student behaviour is that it interferes with individual and other learner’s behaviour. This turns to a challenge for the teacher, as the behaviour challenges day to day running and functioning of schools. In addition, the parents are not helping as much as they would in eradicating negative student and pupils behaviours, hence burdening the work of the teachers purporting them to consider leaving their jobs. Nowadays, the parents have become overprotective to their children. This has not helped at all in taming negative children behaviours and in turn, the burden is left to the teacher to mould the children’s behaviour. For example, an overprotected child expects special treatment at school is in for a frustrating time, which in turn may frustrate the teacher too. The frustration may overwhelm the teacher to a point of making the job dissertation choice. In addition, parents have developed negative expectations for their children which in turn instill negative or unruly behavior in children. From the survey conducted, it’s clearly evident that, If unruly behavior is not policed with proper boundaries and a culture of respect for authority at home, teachers cannot effectively implement discipline in the classroom. In addition to negative learner’s behavior, the interference from the government demands of the teacher. 50 % of the interviewed teachers named poor pupil behavior as the main reason behind them leaving the teaching job. The unwanted student behavior influences teachers attitude towards the teaching profession, and if the unruly behavior continues, it may force the teachers to quit the teaching job. Attitude provides a frame for reference for an individual’s conduct and conditions behavior. The creation of unfavorable attitude to the teacher, elicits a reaction of avoidance or aggression towards the job or the learners (Jessica, 2014). In conclusion, it’s clear that, student and parents behavior towards the teachers as well as in the school plays a vital role in molding the teachers. The study reveals that, teacher’s motivation into teaching profession is highly dependent on the children or the learner’s behaviors. The parents are making the scenario worse by failing to support the teachers in the in order to change the learner’s negative behavior into acceptable ones. These demands and the stress accompanying the works force the teacher to quit. The survey, however suggests that since its is disruptive children whose behavior is unchecked who miss out the most on their education. Thats why we want to make sure that teachers have more freedom to clamp down on persistently bad behavior without being hampered by bureaucracy, so that teaching time is not lost because of poor behavior, and in turn prevent a stressing profession to the teachers. This would go miles in improving both the teach ers and students performance in the school. References Liz Jones. You dont pay for my cats so why should I pay for your kids? Retrieved from: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-2224260/LIZ-JONES-You-dont-pay-catsI-pay-kids.html. On Tuesday 1 April 2014. Jessica Shepherd, ‘Badly behaved pupils and parents put teachers off’ ’ badly behaved pupils and parents put teachers off: retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/education/2011/oct/03/teaching-poll-behaviour. On Tuesday 1 April 1, 2014. Source document

Rise And Fall Of Military Rule

Rise And Fall Of Military Rule Militarism was the dominant force in the politics of Latin America in recent history. The rise of military rule in twentieth century Latin America has, to a large extent, shaped the political life of the nations in the region and also produced literature on this form of authoritarianism known as bureaucratic authoritarianism. These authoritarian regimes were unparalleled in their brutality and suppression of civil society and political movements. The bureaucratic authoritarian regime was the predominant political trend in Latin America during the mid 1960s which began with the Brazilian coup of 1964, Argentina in 1966 and 1976, Chile and Uruguay in 1973. This essay begins with the military intervention from earlier years (1930) which will be distinguished from the succession of coups that began with Brazil in 1964, and then treats the factors that brings about military rule in the region, the rise and decline of military dictatorship in Latin America with focus on Brazil, Chile and Argentina. The kind of regimes the military puts up, the reasons behind their fall with particular emphasis and evidence on the fact that military rule is bad for development in the region and the possibility of a comeback of military dictatorship in the 21st century Latin America will also be highlighted. It is pertinent to distinguish the succession of coups that began with brazil in 1964 from earlier interventions between 1930 and 1964.The military frequently intervened in national politics after 1929 the Brazilian military acted as arbitrator in domestic conflicts in 1930, 1937 and 1945.The Argentine militaries overthrew the radicals in 1930, the conservatives in 1943, and Juan Domingo Peron in 1955 (Wynia, 1990).In later years, they interfered occasionally to subdue dictatorial presidents and help set up democratic governments as it happened in Venezuela in 1945 and 1958. Military rule was temporary during this period, Latin America armies engaged in breakthrough coups targeted at replacing one group of civilian leaders with another preferred with the use of their weapons. In contrast, the generals who took over after 1964 came to stay. There are several reasons as to why the military constantly intervenes in the politics of Latin America, professional military officers in the 1960s and 1970s blamed the poor conditions in Latin America on the corruption of civilian politicians and the institutions of liberal democracy, they concluded that economic development and political stability could only be achieved with the establishment of long term military rule. Economic crisis prompted military interventions in that they could result in popular unrest which could provoke disorder; the governments inability to control the situation is a basis for military coups. The military was also motivated to create a more orderly political process distinct from what they were used to in the past of which they themselves contributed to with all the periodic coups. They were determined to create a new political order which they did with the use of force. Military intervention in Latin America is also influenced by foreign governments who use local armies to defend and uphold their interest as at when due. Conspiracies involving foreign agents are covertly organised like the Chilean coup of 1973 of which Allende was overthrown and eventually killed and General Pinochet assumed president fully supported by US authorities (Livingstone, 2009). Revelations from the US senate investigations proved how foreign agents can trigger military interventions. The fact is that military intervention really made no difference in the economic development in the region nor did it bring to an end political unrest rather, resistance began to grow as many became affected, dissidents were either jailed or killed and many people began to disappear, so was the situation of things after the military took over the political life in Latin America. The military of Brazil in 1964 adopted the national security doctrine which states that the nations interest supersedes that of the individual, citizens are mandated to do everything possible to protect the nation. A succession of authoritarian regimes governed Brazil from 1964 to 1985. The military overthrew the Goulart government which was having difficulties controlling the state of the economy which had deteriorated rapidly in 1962 and 1963.The Brazilian generals created a regime in which they would govern the nation as leaders of the armed forces rather than hand power over to a single officer who would eventually become a one man dictator. However there was the need to elect one amongst them to serve as chief executive to enhance orderliness and also to prove to the public that someone was in charge. General Castello Branco was immediately elected as the new president by congress and served until 1967.during his regime, inflation was reduced but not as expected, his government was still unable to achieve economic stabilization. (Wynia, 1990) President Artur Costa e Silva was the next military president to rule from 1967-1969, his authoritarian government used dictatorial measures to achieve its idea of rapid economic development. General Ernesto Geisel assumed presidency in 1974 after Costa e Silva suffered a debilitating stroke in 1969 and years of guerrilla movements. Thereafter president Joao Figueiredo took over in 1979 and ruled until 1985.During this era of military rule in Brazil, political activists and dissidents were jailed as well as anyone who contended with the authoritarian rule. The military interdicted labour movements, political parties and student organisations, civilians had no say whatsoever. On the economic scene, the implementation of structural adjustment programs aimed at controlling inflation actually achieved a certain measure of success and rapid economic growth thereafter causing the military to brag of performing a miracle when in actual fact it was just a case of the military being in the right place at the right time. Wynia (1990) states that what propelled Brazil to speedy economic growth was mainly the combination of foreign and state investments supplemented by domestic private efforts in commerce and agriculture. the use of authoritarian rule to enforce harsh austerity only made the plights of the peasants worse, the miracle began to fade, inflation had risen to over a 100 percent, foreign debts mounted reaching $80 billion in 1982 also the world recession in 1981 and 1982 depressed the value of Brazilian exports (Skidmore and Smith, 2005). This period marked the beginning of the decline of military regime in Brazil. The Argentine military assumed power in June 1966 with the intention of a revolution after the removal of president Illia from office. Three successive army generals attempted to rehabilitate the country politically and economically. General Juan Carlos Ongania took over presidency and considered his regime irrevocable stating repeatedly that there would be no elections for a long time. Ongania made some economic progress by opening the mining industry to foreigners and slowing down price increases, however, his regime was more of the technocrat than the politician. He repressed the national labor movement and jailed its leaders, there was rising resentment throughout the country and in a bid to put an end to it, the military ousted Ongania from office and General Roberto Livingston was named president (Fernandez, 1973). General Livingstons leadership was not any better despite all his political promise of Argentina returning to democratic normalcy. By March 1971, Argentines became openly dissatisfied at the economic and political crisis, the military stepped in once again, removed Livingston and General Lanusse was named president. Lanusse intention was to achieve a new political order and opted for a relegalization of political parties, he took even a greater gamble by allowing Peron return to presidency. The military returned after the Peronista government of 1973 and fell apart with the death of Peron a year later, Isabel his wife and successor could neither hold the government together. General Jorge Rafael Videla took over in March 1976 and launched a vicious campaign dirty war against the opposition, guerrilla movements were on the rise seeking the overthrow of the government and the installation of a socialist regime along Marxist-Leninist lines. The junta embarked on an all out war against its opposition, there were the desaparecidos, those who disappeared and were never heard of (Skidmore and Smith, 2005).The dictatorship affected society in Argentina, people lived in fear and the economy suffered. Videla handed over presidency to General Roberto Viola in 1981; Viola was replaced by Army commander-in-chief general Leopoldo Galtieri who went to war over the Falkland/Malvinas Island with Britain. The British defeated and humiliated the Argentines and also blocked European trade with Argentina for three months to punish Galtieri economically, the Argentine economy went from bad to worse. In 1983, there was a transition from military to civilian government with radical party candidate Raul Alfonsin emerging as president. The new regime was committed to prosecute military officers involved in the killing or disappearance of more than 10,000 people. Nine military commanders-in-chief were charged for crimes committed and sentenced to prison.No other Latin America government had dared prosecute its officers for crimes committed during a military regime (Skidmore and Smith, 2005) The government of General Augusto Pinochet seized power on September 11, 1973 by overthrowing the elected government of socialist president Salvador Allende (Arturo, 1984). The Chilean coup of 1973 was justified by the new military government as necessary to restore order, avoid class warfare and salvage the economy, the government set out to impose on Chile a bureaucratic authoritarian regime. The first four years of the junta brought about terrible human rights abuses, thousands of civilians linked with the Popular Unity parties were murdered, tortured, jailed, brutalized or exiled. International organisations and the Roman Catholic Church condemned the widespread violations of human rights in Chile and as such, the church came into constant conflict with the junta. General Pinochet emerged dominant figure; his government was a one-man dictatorship with the rest of the junta under his command. He made himself commander in chief of the military and chief executive of the state, Pinochet alone commanded power. Caistor (2006) reveals Pinochets use of brutal force to impose order on the country in a reign of terror that killed more than 3,000 Chileans and thousands tortured or forced to live in exile abroad. The United States under the Carter administration criticised Pinochet for the 1976 assassination of Orlando Letelier, the former Chilean ambassador to the US under the Allende regime. On the economic front, Skidmore and Smith (2005) states that civilian technocrats known as the Chicago boys introduced significant changes in the economic policy. They reasoned that what restricted Chiles economic growth was the governments intervention in the economy which results to reduced competition, artificially increased wages that leads to inflation. The ec onomic boom proved to be short-lived, there was an economic crisis by the end of 1981, exports and foreign credit fell sharply, unemployment soared to 30 percent, real wages fell and GNP dropped 13 percent in the same year. (Edgardo, 1986) General Pinochet stepped down in March 1998 after seventeen years as a military dictator; he was arrested in London in October 1998 at the request of a Spanish magistrate to prosecute him for human rights violation of Spanish citizens. The periods of protracted military rule in Latin America failed to bring about enduring economic recovery or re-ordering the Civilian political system which were some of the reasons why the military claimed to have intervened in the politics of the region. They have proved unable to cope with crisis on the economic front, bereft of ideas once an initial policy has turned sour (Cammack, 1985). In essence, military rule can be argued to be bad for development as it does not produce durable solutions to political and economic issues. Its interest is more of selfish purpose is and always ready to shut down any opposition with the use of force, the people have no say whatsoever. The twenty first century augurs very well for Latin America societies with the decline of military rule. Finer (1976) provides an explanation as to why these military regimes fall from power. He states that the military suffers from two crippling political weaknesses: their technical inability to administer and their lack of legitimacy to rule. The failure of the armed forces to establish legitimacy affected their downfall, legitimacy is necessary because a government cannot adequately rule by using force alone. However, this does not mean that a regime cannot rule without legitimacy, but as Finer implied, the threat of physical compulsion is not an efficient, i.e. an economical, way of securing obedience. (Finer, 1976:16). Futhermore, rule by force alone will eventually be challenged by anyone strong enough to try, this explains the fact that military coups are often always followed by a succession of counter coups The decline of military rule in Latin America can also be associated to the fact that the generals were not properly prepared for the task, their education hardly offered any preparation for the reorganization of complex economic and social institutions. Military regime seems to follow a similar direction in the region, starting boldly with achieving economic stabilization which eventually declines as a result of economic crisis or social and political reconstruction. However, the military of Latin America may be out but definitely not down. It is rather utopian to say the military have abdicated from politics for good because recent coups though short-lived prove otherwise. On the 28th of June 2009, president Zelaya of Honduras was ousted in a military coup because the left- wing leader was seeking a change in the constitution to allow him stand for re-election; arrested in his pyjamas, he was sent into exile in Costa Rica. According to the Guardian (2009), Zelaya described his arrest as a coup and kidnapping. Similarly, short-lived coups in Ecuador and Venezuela shows that the military still has a hold of political affairs. The Ecuadorian coup of January 2000 saw President Jamil Mahud deposed by Ecuadors Indians with the support of military leaders. Also, in 2002 there was a brief seizure of power when Venezuelas Chavez was ousted by the military and detained at an army base. Interestingly, a recent edition of US magazine Newsweek, predicts that this year 2010 will see the fall of Venezuelas Chavez following a coup. In my opinion, the Chavez coup predictions is wishful thinking, the Obama administration will never duplicate what they did in Honduras. A civil war will break out if Chavez is ousted and a war against Venezuela implies a war against Ecuador, Cuba, Bolivia, Nicaragua and possibly Brazil and Argentina; knowing that if Venezuelas leader is taken out by the US, they will be next. Furthermore, in November 2009 Paraguayan president Fernando Lugo in an attempt to avoid being removed from office via a coup, fired his military chiefs and vowed that he would not be forced out of office before the end of his tenure in 2013. As aforementioned, there is no guarantee that the military will not leave their barracks once again and get involved in political affairs although it cannot be compared to the 20th century when military rule was dominant in Latin America. However, the military is acquiring new roles both nationally and internationally; many of the regions armed forces have become overwhelmingly internationalized providing humanitarian assistance, security and stability needed to ensure political, social and economic development (Ross, 2004) Conclusion The role of the military in 20th century Latin America caused more harm than good; military intervention really made no difference in improving the economy rather resistance began to grow as people became affected by military dictatorship which constantly violated human rights. However, there is the potential for military coups in Latin America today but the risk of their intervention is reduced because of its legacy of the past. Ideally, the role of the military is to provide security and stability rather than harbour political ambitions.

Effect of Phototherapy on Sleep Disorders

Effect of Phototherapy on Sleep Disorders In the natural world, the light – dark cycle entrains our rhythm. Light is a very effective ‘Zeitgeber’. In the presences of environmental time cues, sleep-wake physiology, and gene expression continue to exhibit a near-24-hour circadian rhythm regulated by the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus in the Hypothalamus. Phototherapy is an accepted modality for non- pharmacological management of Circadian Disorders such as Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome, Insomnia etc. This review discusses the physiological principle and highlights evidence based literature of phototherapy and its management in Sleep Disorders. Introduction; Living organism’s exhibit a biological periodicity, this rhythm when occurs on a 24 hour cycle is known as ‘Circadian Rhythm’. A rhythmic biological cycle that displays an endogenous entrainable oscillation of less than 24 hours in known as ultradian rhythm. and that last for more than 24 hours is known as Infradian rhythms. Circadian Rhythms generate rhythmic cycling of sleep patterns, food intake, sexual behavior, core body temperature and secretion release of hormones such as ACTH, Prolactin, Gonadotorophin and Melatonin. Circadian Rhythms are generated by the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) of the Anterobasal Hypothalamus. Pineal gland regulates the rhythmic production and release of melatonin. The duration, phase and amplitude of melatonin and cortisol secretion, are influenced by changes in light-dark cycles. The plasma levels are low during day time and are high at night. This rhythm is maintained by the SCN and is entrained by the light-dark cycle. Low light intensities like 100 to 500 lux also have been shown to suppressed levels of melatonin. Phototherapy or light therapy utilizes light boxes which are typically LED square bright lights, ranging from 8-12 x 12-24 inches that emit 10,000 Lux (highest Lux) light, cool color temperature light acts as natural sunlight without the harmful effect of UV rays. This mode of entraining the sleep wake cycle is an accepted modality and mainstay treatment in the non-pharmacotherpeutic management of Circadian Rhythm Disorders. Principles of Phototherapy The goal of the Circadian Rhythm is to maintain a bridge between sleep patterns and the internal clock that is set at a optimally synchronized time. This results in a normal sleep-wake pattern. The Biological Model-Phase response curve The Phase Response curve is modulated by two efficacious modalities i.e. light and melatonin, both of which are exploited to entrain the circadian cycle. Bright light is very helpful in synchronizing the human rhythms and the melatonin serves as a ‘‘dark pulse’’ helping to induce night-time behaviors. Bright morning light advances circadian rhythms; bright evening light delays them. Melatonin in the evening advances circadian rhythms; melatonin in the morning delays them. Circadian Disturbances and Insulin Resistance Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a multifactorial disorder, of which Circadian Disturbances is one of the lifestyle factors that contribute to it. Sleepdisturbances including sleep insufficiency, sleep loss, sleep fragmentation, are connected to abnormal Glucose Metabolism and thus, increase the risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Studies in rodent models suggest that disruption of Circadian Rhythms leads to impaired glucose homeostasis and beta-cell failure, culminating in increased susceptibility to Type 2DM. Disturbed Circadian Rhythm is causative factor in the recent epidemic â€Å"Obesity†. In controlled clinical studies, acute 1-3 week circadian misalignment (alone) or in combination with sleep restriction results in dysregulation of glucose homeostasis and consequent glucose intolerance attributed in part to loss of beta-cell function as well as decline in insulin sensitivity. CIRCADIAN RHYTHM PROBLEM CONTRIBUTES TO INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohns disease (CD), is a chronic and recurrent inflammatory disorder of the intestinal tract. Study says that sleep disturbances are one of the main reasons of pathogenesis of the patients with IBD. In addition melatonin plays a vital role in regulation of inflammation as well as immune system and antioxidant system in the intestinal disorders. (16, 17) CIRCADIAN RHYTHM and visually Impaired Bright light has been shown to suppress Melatonin secretion even in visually impaired subjects which substantiates the fact that non-visual photoreceptors in the eye mediate the Circadian Rhythm regulating effects of light CIRCADIAN RHYTHM AND IMMUNITY Sleep restriction and sleep deficit increase your vulnerability to disease. The immune system is connected to the sleep regulatory system and actions of the immune system to fight disease.Sleep is regulated partly by immune system components called cytokines. Blood counts of T-cells and levels of proinflammatory cytokines are high during the night while leukocytes and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 go up during daytime. Changes in the immune system seem associated with the onset of narcolepsy, which has a neurological cause (brain cell death) inflammatory diseases increase cytokine levels and make people feel fatigued. This is a good thing during a short-term injury or illness, as it drives the person to rest. For those with chronic inflammation, however, the immune system keeps them tired for long periods, which may explain symptoms of fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue disorder. The trouble in sleeping that people with those conditions experience is not due to just the discomforts of the illnesses, but because the sleep regulation system is affected. The different phases of sleep are responsible for different functions within our bodies. The first and second phases involve settling in, resulting in rhythmic breathing and a lowered body temperature. The third and fourth stages are when our bodies are working to restore themselves. During this time our muscles relax and the blood supply going to them increases. Our bodies use this time to repair tissue damage and grow new tissue. Important hormones are released and our energy is renewed. These stages appear to be a critical factor in maintaining a healthy immune system and any sleep disturbance that impacts them, impacts our health. It is becoming increasingly evident that disruption of daily rhythms, such as from sleep deprivation, affects the immune response. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), is an immune system protein that can sense bacterial and viral DNA Role of Phototherapy Cognitive Impact Light intensity has a direct impact on cognitive performance and alertness and on the subjective feeling of sleepiness. The researchers found that volunteers subjected to higher light intensity during the afternoon were more alert all the way into the early evening than those who were not. But when subjected to light intensity 10 times weaker, they showed signs of sleepiness and obtained lower scores on the memory tests. Artificial light is used to phase shift circadian rhythm and help improve performance, sleep, and well-being during shiftwork simulations , this was proved in study designed for NASA personals during t he prelaunch week. The treated subjects were self exposed to 10, 000 Lux. The treated personnel showed a positive result reporting better sleep, performance, and physical and emotional well-being than control subjects and rated the treatment as highly effective for promoting adjustment to their work schedules for the study. Nocturnal alertness, performance, and daytime sleep could be improved by light exposure of tolerable intensity and duration in a real work place. This was proved in a cross-over design study conducted on 12 night Shift nurses with three different treatment procedures: Room Light (RL) exposure in the night followed by a 1hr sunlight or 10,000 lux light next morning(08:30 to 09:30), Bright Light (BL) a 4-hour nocturnal light exposure of 4,000-6,000 lux (from 01:00 to 05:00) and Bright Light with Sunglasses (BL/S) the same nocturnal light exposure as in BL was done with light attenuation in the morning. Nocturnal alertness was measured by a visual analog scale. Daytime sleep was recorded with actigraphy. Nocturnal alertness was the highest in the BL/S. The improvement was maximized by attenuating morning light. Sun-Downing phenomenon Sundowning is a clinical phenomenon characterized by the emergence or increment of neuropsychiatric symptoms such as confusion, disorientation, anxiety, agitation, aggression, pacing, wandering, resistance to redirect screaming, yelling and so forth observed late afternoon, evening or at night and occurs among cognitively impaired, demented, or institutionalized elderly patients. In a 6-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial the effects of bright light therapy combined with melatonin on motor restless behavior in demented patients had been evaluated. This study concluded that bright light therapy (10,000 lux bright light) has a positive effect on motor restlessness in subjects with dementia. Mood disturbances Manic-Depressive Illness (MDP): MDP is recurrent illness in which episodes of Mania and Depression occur and remit spontaneously. Several clinical studies say that disturbance in the Circadian Rhythms play a crucial role in its pathophysiology. Melatonin secretion shows abnormal levels in some bipolar patients (MDP). Patients with MDP exhibit circadian sleep wake rhythm in which patients spent one complete sleepless night in between two nights of normal sleep. In a study, 143 patients with a major depressive episode in the course of bipolar disorder (DSM-IV criteria) treatment with 3 consecutive totalsleepdeprivation cycle (each composed of a period of 36 hours awake followed by recovery sleep), light therapy, and lithium rapidly decreased the depressive suicidality and prompt antidepressant response in patients with drug-resistant major depression in the course of bipolar disorder. Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is typically characterized by instability and impaired behaviour , affectivity, interpersonal relations and lifestyle. This open study assessed 13 female patients for the effectiveness of the application of bright light (10,000 lux, 6:30 to 7:30 a.m. for 6 weeks) added to SSRIs in drug-resistant depressed patients with comorbid BPD who did not show any improvement to 6-week administration of antidepressants. The participants were regularly evaluated using the CGI, HAMD and MADRS scales and the BDI and BDI self-report inventories. All the assessments proved that the application of Bright light leads to a significant improvement. SAD: Phototherapy acts through Retinal Melatonin or Rhodopsin, which regulates Dopamine release in the eye where it acts as the main neurotransmitter. The retina-SCNvpineal gland forms a link, which is disturbed in SAD. By suppressing retinal Melatonin, Phototherapy has been suggested to correct the underlying biochemical abnormality seen in SAD and thereby inducing clinical remission.In Non- Demented people, light therapy is an accepted and validated treatment for seasonal affective disorder, but has also been reported to be effective in Non –Seasonal Depression (15). Recently it has been noted that exposure of SAD patients to natural sunlight in the morning hours resulted in complete remission of depressive symptoms. In the study, N=24(12 SAD patients and 12 controls) were exposed to morning light therapy in the winter and the melatonin profiles being sensitive to light were measured before and after treatment. The SAD Patients showed a phase advance of melatonin rhythms in response to phototherapy which showed an association between phase position and phase shift in the SAD patients. This instability may be secondary to impaired serotoninergic function in the afferent pathways to the suprachiasmatic nuclei. This seems to be a significant advancement in the etiology of SAD that links light with Mood Disorders. In Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is common when vitamin D stores are typically low. wavelengths between 280-320 nm which are Broad-spectrum light therapy that allow the skin to produce vitamin D. In a prospective, randomized controlled trial was conducted N=15 subjects with SAD (8 subjects-100,000 I.U. of vitamin D and 7 subjects–phototherapy). At the onset of treatment and after 1 month of therapy subjects different depression scale were administered. Vitamin D status improved in both groups (74% vitamin D group, p ADHD Morning bright light therapy is associated helps reduce both subjective and objective measures of core ADHD pathology, improves mood symptoms, and phase advance in circadian preference. Multiple regressions showed that the shift toward an earlier circadian preference with LT was the strongest predictor of improvement on both subjective and objective ADHD measures. In the Elderly The risk of developing depression increases with old age. The occurrence of a major depressive episode in Alzheimer’s disease is as high as 20-25%and minor depressive symptoms occur in an additional 20-30% (9, 10). In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, patients with early Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Subjective Memory Complaints (SMC)(N=79, Age = between 50 75). Patients were exposed to ~10,000 lux for two years, the active condition or ~300 lux in the placebo condition, daily, for two half-hour sessions at fixed times in the morning and evening. Neuropsychological, behavioral, physiological and endocrine measures are assessed at baseline and follow-up every five to six months. The evaluation showed long-term daily bright light prevented worsening of sleep-wake rhythms and depressive symptoms in elderly people with memory complaints. Elderly experience increased difficulties with sleeping, and thus could be one of the contributing factor for mood problems.(11) Factors contributing in Aging process Aging process | | Impaired Ocular light transmission due to age related eye deficiencies | | Requires high demand of light intensities inorder to maintain a sufficient input to SCN | | Diminished SCN input | | Arrhythmia in the Sleep Wake cycle Studies report that it is possible to reactivate the SCN and improve ‘Sleep –Wake Rhythm’ by applying extra light. Light therapy provides a safe treatment option (13).It’s reported that, bright light therapy is decreasing common health issues (14). In 10 Alzheimers patients with sundowning behavior and sleep disturbances were studied for a week who received 2 hours/day of exposure to bright light between 7:00 p.m. and 9:00 p.m. The results showed that the proportion of total daily activity occurring during the nighttime decreased during the light-treatment week. The relative amplitude of the circadian locomotor activity rhythm, a measure of its stability, increased during the light-treatment week. This kind of effect mediated through a chronobiological mechanism. Artificial light is used to phase shift circadian rhythm and help improve performance, sleep, and well-being during shiftwork simulations , this was proved in study designed for NASA personals during t he prelaunch week. The treated subjects were self exposed to 10, 000 Lux. The treated personnel showed a positive result reporting better sleep, performance, and physical and emotional well-being than control subjects and rated the treatment as highly effective for promoting adjustment to their work schedules for the study. In study bright light exposure improved sleep quality in 7-18% subjects, the study consisted of 13 interventional studies with 1154 participants. Jet lag causes distress to the number of travelers impairing sleep, mood and cognitive performance. Timed exposure to bright light and melatonin administration can help to reduce symptoms. Specific recommendations using bright light and melatonin for eastward and westward travel before and after departure are provided for time zone changes of up to 6, 7–9 and 10 or more hours. Timed bright light and melatonin administration, by helping to adjust underlying circadian rhythms to the new time zone, can serve to mitigate the symptoms of jet lag. Reducingthe symptoms of jet lag by this methods can lessen the mood, cognitive and behavioral symptoms resulting from these desynchronized rhythms.(

Technology Wave :: essays research papers

Technology sweeps the world everyday bringing more ease into our homes, office’s, vehicle’s, school’s, and worksites alike. With this new technology, jobs become easier, faster, and more efficient making life easier for busy parents and students. Along with the ease come laziness and a wave of other â€Å"problems.† I’ll explain these â€Å"problems† in more detail a little later. The controversy I see is â€Å" Is the lack of physical exercise worth the gain of ease?† Personally I believe its all in how you use technology. If you just abuse technology and never do any physical activities, than yes, it’s a bad thing. If you use technology to assist you than no, its being used properly, and can therefore be controlled. Like I have mentioned earlier if you just use and abuse technology and become dependent on it, than you cant survive without technology and then it becomes a bad way of life. An example of this is the typical busin essman. We’ve all seen him, right? Well most business men have PDA’s, cell phone’s, blackberry’s, Laptop’s Etc†¦ Right? Right. But how many of them have â€Å"physical copies of the information that is stored in them? Phone numbers, client’s names, document’s and countless other documents, papers and information. Some of these important documents are irreplaceable. Still these people walk around everyday without even a thought in their mind that their electronic device can be stolen, lost or broken and all the information will be lost! As scary as this though is, to most people it never crosses their mind, or maybe it did once or twice. Maybe 2-3 months ago they copied all their numbers down or backed up their files to external media but how much more information do they have now that could be lost? Chances are a good 25% of the information is not backed up somewhere. Just waiting for fate to match them up with the black hole of Number’s And Document’s. And once there lost you’ll never see them again unless you have them written down or saved somewhere else. That is one way technology causes laziness, instead of pulling out a umber book and writing the number down even when you get home after work you just shrug off and go â€Å"meh there safe† trust me there not I lost 125 important phone numbers one day when I lost my cell phone some of these were numbers to friends whom had moved to other states or countries and I no longer had there address or number so have to wait for them to contact me and hope they likewise didn’t lose there address’s and number’s.

General Applications of Hypnosis :: Psychology, Hypnosis

Few topics in psychology attract people in the extent that it does hypnosis. The reasons for this interest are multiple. Hypnosis fascinates by his unusual and we do not know if what attracts us is the interest in deciphering the mystery. (D. David after Gheorghidiu, 2000) Anton Mesmer was he who first who induced the state of hypnosis. He used to use a magnet that moves along the patient's body to improve blood circulation. Forgeting his magnet and once at home, Anton Mesmer was forced to resort to another object, a piece of wood, and found that patients responded well. But Mesmer did not realize at the time that the object used was important, but suggestions which induces the patient. (Ovidiu Lungu, 2004) Mielu Zlate (2007) considered hypnosis as an "altered state of consciousness located between wakefulness and sleep, but closer to waking than to sleep." Subject keeps contact with the environment during the hypnotic trance helped by the hypnotist, and cognitive changes occur at the perception, memory, thoughts, feelings, imagination, etc.. This underlines the increased activism of the brain. According to the American Psychological Association, hypnosis is a procedure whereby the subject is suggested imaginative experiences to change his subjective experience, to change his perceptions, sensations, thoughts or behavior, (Peter J. Hawkins after APA, 2009). Hypnotic trance has as main features the reduce of planning function (hypnotized subject loses the initiative and will expect the hypnotist to suggest what to do), attention becomes more selective than usual the subject which is told to obey only the voice of the hypnotist will ignore any another voice in the room) imaginative production is easily evoked (subject may find that the lives distance experiences in time and space), control and increased tolerance for low reality distortion (subject might unconditionally accept hallucinatory experiences), increased suggestibility (subject must accept the suggestions), post-hypnotic amnesia (if the subject gets instructions for this, the deeply impressed subject will forget all or almost all) (Rita L. Atkinson, 2002) Hypnotherapy applications are endless, from the surgical anesthesia which can be used at birth without pain, treatment of specific problems such as anxiety, phobias (elevator, dentist), smoking cessation, sexual dysfunction. However, failures can come from the subject's attitude against hypnotherapy and hypnosis. A negative attitude may hinder treatment. Subjects can not be controlled during their trance unwittingly. (I. Holdevici, 1991) Hypnotherapy for depressive persons contains a model proposed by Yapko in

Business Correspondence

Report: Preposition (Manila Paper, 1nch font) Portfolio in BCTRW(Old Magazine) 1st Page:A Prayer from my Heart (5 sentences) 2nd Page:Importance of Correspondence in my Everyday Life †¢Introduction †¢Importance †¢Conclusion(must be connected to introduction) Correspondence a : the agreement of things with one another b : a particular similarity c : a relation between sets in which each member of one set is associated with one or more members of the other — compare function 5a 2 a : communication by letters; also : the letters exchanged : the news, information, or opinion contributed by a correspondent to a newspaper or periodical Examples of CORRESPONDENCE 1. They communicated by telephone and correspondence. 2. E-mail correspondence has become extremely important for modern businesses. 3. The two men began a correspondence that would continue throughout their lives. 4. A book of the author's personal correspondence was published early last year. 5. A formal ton e is always used in business correspondence. . Note the correspondence of each number to a location on the map. 7. Sometimes there is little correspondence between the way a word is spelled and the way it is pronounced in English. 8. Sometimes there are few correspondences between spelling and pronunciation. Is business correspondence still essential in this age of computerization? Yes, it is. Business correspondence is still the principal means used by a business firm to keep in touch with its customers. Is business correspondence still essential in this age of computerization ? Yes, it is.Business correspondence is still the principal means used by a business firm to keep in touch with its customers. What are the principles of good business letter ? A good business letter should have five qualities : (a) conciseness; (b) clarity; (c) completeness; (d) correctness; and (e) courtesy. What about the language of a business letter ? Well, just write simply, in an easy and natural way j ust like you talk with your friends. So, I have to make my business letters sound like a good conversation ? That’s right. To write a business letter is just â€Å"to hold a conversation† by post.By the way, what are the rules of good writing ? In fact, there are a lot of rules to be followed if you want to write good letters. But we may summarize them as follows : 1. Think first of the reader and address yourself to his interests. Tell him or her all he or she wants to know and don’t leave him to guess between the lines. 2. Adopt a tone suited to the occasion and the purpose of the letter 3. Write naturally, as you would talk, using plain and familiar words. 4. Write clearly and to the point. Don’t beat about the bush.Please keep in mind that the most essential point in all business writing is exactness expressed in language that is absolutely clear. 5. Write courteously and make your letter sound friendly and sincere. 6. Avoid wordiness. 7. Avoid commer cial jargon. 8. Write effectively. 9. Avoid monotony by introducing variety. 10. Write to a plan if your letter is long or specially important. 11. Pay special attention to the opening and closing paragraphs first and last impressions leave a special mark on the reader. 12. Check your letters before you send them.

Western & Native America Medicine

In such a situation, I would first create a good rapport between Mr. Wolf, his wife and I. I would start by thanking them for visiting the health care centre and for allowing me to run some tests on Mr. Wolf. I would then advise him that it is a good thing to look after our health as this is the only way that we will be able to live to see tomorrow. As Broome, B. & Broome, R. , (2007) says, the Native Americans value their traditions very much. It is therefore necessary to act as one of them or rather to respect these values and demonstrate to them that they are important. By doing this, I will be able to prescribe some new medication and at the same time, I will be certain that Mr. Wolf will respect and adhere to the directions that I would give him. After examining him, I would give him the antibiotics that he is supposed to take. I would try to educate him on the importance of these drugs as they would help him to regain his health. I would do this by explaining the consequences of prostatitis and the effects or damage that it might have if it is not treated. I would not discourage him from taking his herbal medicines that he was prescribed. Instead, I would thank him for visiting the healer or the health counselor or advisor. I would encourage him to continue taking the herbs as they were directed by the healer or the health counselor. In addition, I would also advise him to take the medications that I have administered to him without fail. This way, he will feel that I am supporting him and at the same time I am respecting his culture. According to Cohen (2003), American Indians or the Native Americans value their tradition very much. This means that if at all I will act as if I am not respecting this fact, there are chances that he will not follow my directions and therefore he might not get well at all. Alternatively, there are some herbal medicines that are not likely to do well with the hospital medicine. I would therefore ask him to go home with the medicine that I had administered to him and make sure he takes them. I would explain to him that there are some herbal medicines that would counteract with the hospital medicines that we are taking. I would advise him to come with the herbal medicine that he is taking so that we can see if they have any content that might react with the antibiotics. This way, we would be able to prevent any further reaction in his body. When they bring the medicine, I would analyze it and assess whether it has any reaction with the antibiotics that I would have given him. If there is a reaction, I would change the antibiotics, alternatively, I would try to advise him that there is a serious reaction that might take place if he took both the medicine that I administered and the herbal medicine at the same time. I would then try to explain to him that the diseases that he is currently having is very serious and therefore he need to give it a first priority. According to Moses, L. & Wilson, R, (1985), Native Americans are known to speaking in parables. I would therefore try to formulate a story about a patient who had such a disease and who defied or rather who refused to take the medication that I had given him and chose the herbs. He only stayed for five months before succumbing to the illness. This would be in the aim of convincing Mr. Wolf to give the antibiotics the first priority and stop taking the herbs for some time. I would advise him that he can immediately go back to the herbs onces the antibiotics are over.

Analysis of the Modernist Design Style

Modernism is appear in 20Thursdaycentury. And Modernism is including simple and no ornament design manner. Although this manner was appear early 20Thursdaycentury and have different interior decorators or designer have many spread. But still hold excessively small modern architecture physique in early 20Thursdaycentury. After World War II, they become many company and bureau. And do this manner be the top. Here have some designer is more celebrated. Walter Gropius, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright. Frank Lloyd Wright is one of the celebrated designer in early 20Thursdaycentury. He is a American Institute of Architects, interior interior decorator, Writer and Educators. His design undertaking is over 1000 and complete about five 100s. And he believes that design should accomplish harmoniousness between worlds and the environment. And it become Organic architecture. For illustration, Fallingwater is the celebrated on the universe. This design can turn out his thought. Besides this design is one of the best designer on the American. More than 70 old ages of his calling at Architects. He design different architecture. It including Office, Church, Skyscrapers, Hotel and Museum. Besides he design some furniture and stained glass. In his life he write over 20 book and article. And he is the celebrated talkers. In 1991, American Institute of Architects name Wright â€Å"The best Architect† . He designed different architecture. And his design was celebrated. For illustration, Robie House, Imerial Hotel, Fallingwater, Taliesin West, The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Price Tower and Jonson Wax Headquarters. Besides his thought was affected many interior decorator. Person said how Wright work alteration American architecture, but person said â€Å"How did n't Frank Lloyd Wright alteration architecture in America I think is truly the manner to state it because it is difficult to conceive of what American architecture would be like or even likely universe architecture without Frank Lloyd Wright. About the Organic architecture, he has a celebrated plant. It called Fallingwater. Fallingwater physique in 1934-1937. In 1991, members of the American institute of Architects named the house the â€Å" best all-time work of American architecture† and in 2007, it was ranked 29th on the list of Amercian’s Favorite Architecture harmonizing to the AIA. About the design, the form of the edifice expression natural, insouciant, stretch. Besides The chief room of the edifice with an out-of-door patio, platforms and roads, intertwined, besides obtained with the environing natural landscape with the consequence of merger. About the stuff, White concrete and rock Lashkar-e-Taiba this design expression merge in the environment. And this design is really particular. Because the platform is above the waterfall, this design in that clip is intensely. And this design was influence many designer. Besides it cause the new design manner. About the Taliesin West design, he thinks it has b een linked with the desert. So he utilize local rock and concrete. Besides the natural lighting is the chief function. Because he believes the natural lighting can allow inside the edifice connect to the exterior. His thought has affected some designer. For illustration Neville Gruzman, Kendrick Bangs Kellogg, Alvar Aalto, Nari Gandhi and Bruce Goff. All of them have build Organic architecture. Such as Neville Gruzman. Hills House and Gruzman House is the celebrated organic architecture. Besides Hills House is the work is thought of as a two 20Thursdaycentury houses: â€Å"Fallingwater† and â€Å"Farnsworth House† . And Gruzman House is use stuffs such as dark stained lumbers and natural brick. His designer is conform Wright method. About Bruce Goff, he said that his hero is Wright and Sullivan. Then he started to reach the original design. Bavinger House is important illustration of organic architecture. The house has no interior wall ; alternatively there are a series of platforms at different tallness, with drapes that can be drawn for privateness. The design usage many natural dark, make the inside country connect to the exterior. Kendrick Bangs Kellogg is an pioneer of organic architecture. In 1955, he met Wright and the brief meeting provided an inspiration. His design is non fit neatly into the same with Wright, Bruce Goff or other organic designers. His edifice are surveies of superimposed, segmented and unfolding infinite. And he design Onion house. It is a landmark of organic architecture. The design usage employs semitransparent curving roof panels. Since with no outside walls, the division between interior and exterior consists of screen or stained glass. But person possibly doesn’t cognize what organic designer is. So Wright explains that, it is term meant from nature, organic architecture was so a natural architecture. And now we eventually understand what organic designer is. And he believe good edifice is non one that hurts the landscape, but one which makes the landscape more beautiful than it was before the edifice was built. So he wants clean lines and simpleness. And disliked intricate item and irritability of the architectural manners. In add-on to organic designer, Wright steel has affected other designer. For illustration John S. Van Bergen. And his manner is Prairie manner places. About the Prairie manner. In 1909, Wright developed what known as the Prairie Style. Typical Prairie manner place is distinguished by horizontal lines on the outside, emphasized by a low-pitched hipped roof. But Wright use different colour, and allow the ceiling highs and hallway breadths to alternately compress and spread out the sense of infinite. His design went beyond the edifice to the finest inside informations of the interior infinite, include furniture, art glass and other interior design. And the celebrated prairie manner designer is Robie House. It was designed in 1908. Frank Lloyd Wright’s designs of place and edifice have inspired coevalss of designers, including most of what is called â€Å"modern architecture.† His influence is international—many other states have considered Frank Lloyd Wright’s designs as a major templet of their modern-day manners. More than 30 provinces in the United States possess Frank Lloyd Wright constructions and most architectural critics agree with that every province in the state has edifices that reflect Wright’s manner. Presents, when human want to develop something else, and they will destruct the natural. So they must retrieve that Wright has said the human existences and nature can conexist. And it is of import, even he is gone, but his architectural theory still affected other interior decorator. But person think he was chesty adult male. Because he want to allow his ain considerable on his clients. For illustration, Fallingwater. The design is particular and advanced. But despite there may be dangers he still carry out his out his design. I think his behaviour is right. Because if one’s creativeness is easy affected by the others, so that one is non a qualified interior decorator. Plagiarism:24 % hypertext transfer protocol: //encyclopedia.jrank.org/articles/pages/6404/Wright-Frank-Lloyd.html hypertext transfer protocol: //freshome.com/2012/09/03/10-great-architectural-lessons-from-frank-lloyd-wright/ hypertext transfer protocol: //translate.google.com.hk/translate? hl=zh-TW & A ; sl=en & A ; u=http: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright & A ; prev=/search % 3Fq % 3Dfrank % 2Blloyd % 2Bwright % 2Binfluences % 2Bon % 2Barchitecture % 26sa % 3DN % 26biw % 3D1367 % 26bih % 3D840 hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Goff hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Gruzman hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendrick_Bangs_Kellogg hypertext transfer protocol: //www.distinctbuild.ca/neville_gruzman_architect.php