Vulnerability Of Children Contributing Factors Health And Social Care Essay

Vulnerability Of Children Contri buting Factors Health And Social C ar judgeThe purpose of this chapter is to establish an understanding of the verbalise of churlren in southeastern Africa, to understand the contributing factors to their photograph run intoing their quality of life on a multi-dimensional level, and the move of human immunodeficiency virus and aid as bingle of the unproblematic contributors to childrens photo. In light of the information provided indoors this chapter, the secure extent of the basic need of children in entropy Africa could provide a foundation for understanding the churchs past successes and failures in order to promote a possible urgent consideration of new approaches.the state of children t here is an urgent call for the involvement of faith-based organisations (FBO, like the church), non-governmental organisations (NGO) and local governments to assist in addressing the needs of unguarded children (Blackman, dickens hundred7 Musa, 2005 Olsen, Knight Foster, 2006 Stephenson, Gourley, Miles, 2004). This urgent call stems is in light of the piteous quality of life for these children, as well as the contributing factor of the human immunodeficiency virus and aid pandemic.The church and other FBOs nonplus been recognised by conglomerate authors and organisations in their partnership and role in community-based organisations (CBO) (Hoff, 1998 Olson, Messinger, Sutherland Ast unitary, 2005 Olson, Knight Foster, 2006 Unruh Sider, 2005). The role of churches is widely recognised as a change datent whose involvement goes beyond unspoilt the here and now.But Unruh and Sider (2005) as well as Mitchell (2001) argue that churches, who be already involved in community development as their approach to complaisant ministries, are not as effective as they ought to be and call for the urgent consideration of their approaches, underlying perspectives and motives. This urges the church to comprehend what the specifi c needs of orphaned and vulnerable children are, and to consider its effectiveness and its perspectives on how these needs can be addressed. at bottom the recommended community development response for the church as outlined by various authors (August, 1999 Dreyer, 2004 Du Toit, 2002 Liebenberg, 1996 Myers, 1999 Myers, 2006 and Vilanculo, 1998), on that point is an urgent call to be needs-based that is developed through the various methods and principles such a response involves.It is therefore essential to comprehend the prevalent state of children, as the causes of vulnerability amongst children can only be understood when their realities are explained and projected. Only within the understanding of their vulnerability and contributing factors, can childrens needs be effectively met and thereby their quality of life improved.There are various statistical estimates and projections on the realities of children, concerning the cause of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) in So uth Africa. Within these various sources, discrepancies were identified between the different sources.The data include projections with regard to human immunodeficiency virus prevalence, orphanhood, AIDS relate deaths and even resume macrocosms. These discrepancies were compared and discussed within the work of Dorrington et al. (200627) for the stratum 2005.No actual data on the true state of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) were found or concluded as the available statistical data are all projections. Dorrington et al. (200617) reaffirm the use of the ASSA2003 Model, but encour days comparison with other projections.Bray (200344) raises further concerns regarding the methods used to calculate the estimates and projections in respect of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC), but Bray is even much concerned with what one does with these projections and calls for the reverenceful use of such projected data. Her concerns are based on the labelling of the children as well as the intended outcomes of interventions and the nature thereof.No source could however be found that denies the estimates and projections of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC). For this reason, only statistical data from four authoritative sources, due to their global involvement, leadership and advocacy in this regard ASSA2003 Model (University of Cape Town), Statistics South Africa, UNAIDS and UNICEF will be referred to in considering the regional and national data.The sources used in this get can be accepted as authentic and trustworthy due to the sources national and international activism for children and look for within this field of study. Due to the trend in the past ten geezerhood of projected figures fluctuating to an unreliable extent, these projections will be handled with great caution.It in addition needs to be stressed that all projections and statistics provided here are estimates only. The statistical data provided within this study are included merely for the understanding of the realities children are facing and the contribution of these mise en scenes to the vulnerability of children.statistical sources from primarily the past eight old eld (2001 2009) will be quoted and referred to, and all other sources (older than four years and other than ASSA, Stats SA, UNAIDS and UNICEF) will be weighed against these to determine the impropriety of their arguments and statements.2.2.1 Defining orphans and vulnerable childrenIn order to comprehend the reality of vulnerable children within the context of this study, a clear understanding of the two terms orphans and vulnerable children is needed. mule driver et al., (2006620) refers to the importance of considering the situation of children orphaned by AIDS, but emphasizes that by looking at orphans affected by AIDS only, does not encompass the full scale of the reality of children, since the HIV pandemic as well as surrounding poverty are creating a context in which large comes of chil dren are make vulnerable.It needs to be stated cl untimely that within the understanding of the reality of children and interventions to assist them, it is acknowledged that HIV and AIDS are a major(ip) contributor, but not the primary cause or contributor to the vulnerability of children. HIV and AIDS feature as prominent factors contributing to the vulnerability of children but it cannot be separated from other contributing factors.OrphansAccording to Skinner et al. (2006620) the closely accepted definition of an orphan is a child who has lost one or both enkindles through death But this definition could also include loss of call forths through desertion or if the parents are unable or unwilling to provide care. They refer in most cases to the absent parent as being the father (Skinner et al., 2006620). Within the literary works consulted, the age of the child includes from consume and varies up to between 15 and 21, depending on the context and the level of dependency on ca re-givers.According to Skinner et al., (2006620), within the orphan grouping, levels of vulnerability are discerned by an understanding of the direct environment of these children. These environmental understandings are used to understand these orphans within an implicit classification system, such as the nature of their caregivers i.e., extended families, nurse parents, community caregivers, child-headed places and institutional care, the level of additional assistance required, and between maternal, paternal and double orphans (2006620).Various authors fuck off raised their concerns with regard to markertizations when defining an orphan within a group such as AIDS-orphans or their level of vulnerability within their environmental understanding such as the term OVC (Engle, 20089 drive home the Children, 200729 Skinner et al., 2006620 Smart, 20034). Care must therefore be taken with how any term relating to orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) is used as they become objectifie d or targets for stigma and segregation which further contributes to their vulnerability.Vulnerable ChildrenVulnerability is not an absolute state because there are degrees of vulnerability which depend on the situation of the child. According to Skinner et al. (2006620) there are a number of contributing factors to a childs vulnerability and individually of these adds to the cumulative load that the child carries. For them, the extent of the crisis and additional problems associated with it also affect the impact on the child (2006620).Vulnerability is a very complex concept to define and very a good deal the understanding thereof is limited to the circumstance of the child. According to Smart, (20034) the concept of vulnerability is not only restricted to individuals, such as children, but is often used to refer to households as well.There does take care to be a link between poverty and vulnerability suggesting that policies and interventions to improve vulnerability among the poor in general, will also have a official impact on disadvantaged orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) (Smart, 20034).The South African Department of Social Development, defines a vulnerable child as a child whose natural selection, care, testimonial or development may be compromised due to a particular condition, situation or circumstance and which prevents the fulfilment of his or her rights (20055). These conditions could be identified by the following criteria gibe to Department of Social Development (200513), Engle (200810) and Skinner et al., (2006623)A child who is below the age of 18, and meets one or more of the following criteria, is made vulnerable by it as it influences their quality of lifeHas a chronically ill parent/caregiver (regardless of whether the parent/caregiver lives in the same household as the child), orLives in a household where in the past 12 months at least one adult died and was sick for 3 of the 12 months before he/she died, orLives in a household where at least one adult was seriously ill for at least 3 months in the past 12 months, orLiving with very old and frail caregivers, orLives in a household that receives and cares for orphans, orLives outside of family care (i.e., lives in an institution or on the streets),Is born of a teenage or single motherIs abused or ill-treated by a step-parent or relativesIs animated with a parent or an adult who lacks income-generating opportunitiesHas lost one or both parentsChildren whose survival, well-being or development is impacted by HIV or AIDSAny physical or mental handicap or any other long-term toilsomey that would make it difficult for the child to function independently Skinner et al., (2006623). These indicators could include the following constantly present signs insufficient nutrition, signs of hunger, signs of insufficient sleep, poor hygiene or cannot engage in personal care and does not have clothing or clothing is dirty or damaged (Skinner et al., 2006623).Illness, eit her HIV or other major illness and emotional or psychological problems (Skinner et al., 2006623) According to them these indicators could include apathy or helplessness that major power show in the child as being unhappy, dull, being miserable or lack of motivation, neglect of schoolwork, irregular attendance of school or not performing well at school, low school enrolment rates, high repetition rates, and/or high drop out rates (2006623).Low immunisation and limited or no access to wellness function, malnutrition, and a high burden of diseaseAbuse at emotional, physical or sexual level use of drugs (e.g., glue, alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana or crack) and not receiving passable care (Skinner et al., 2006623) particularly love, guidance and support intra-household neglect when compared to other children in the household (2006623).At a higher risk than their local peers of experiencing infant, child and juvenile fatality rateFamily and community abuse and maltreatment (harassm ent and violence)Economic and sexual exploitation, due to lack of care and protectionIt can be concluded, that even though the HIV and AIDS pandemic is evident as a major contributor and the presence of it will be visible in almost every locution of being vulnerable these as well as other factors contributing to vulnerability, must be acknowledged and considered within the wider context of other children.HIV and AIDS is not the only contributor to the problem of orphanhood and vulnerability. Other factors like poverty, wars, abuse, non-HIV related illnesses and natural and unnatural deaths, contribute significantly to the problem of orphanhood and vulnerability amongst children (Simbayi, Kleintjies, Ngomane, Tabane, Mfecane Davids, 200620).It is thus important that HIV and orphan interventions attend to the needs of all children, rather than focussing solely on those children affected by HIV/AIDS.2.2 The companionable STATe OF CHILDREN in SOUTH AFRICASouth Africa is being conside red as a developing country and an inspiration for the African Renaissance and humanitarian development. With South Africa supposable having the worlds best Constitution and Bill of Rights (Dinokeng, 20099), one would expect a reflection thereof in the reality of the lives of the children of South Africa.The National picture the general state of South Africas childrenThe following data are year specific, but reflects the vulnerability of children in South Africa which is the primary focus of the inclusion of this data in this study.In 2006, there were 18.2 one one million million million children in South Africa and they constituted 38% of the countrys population, of which 38% were between 6 and 12 years, 34% being younger than 6 years and 28% were teenagers (13 17 years old) (Proudlock, Dutschke, Jamieson, Monson Smith, 200864).The livelihood-realities of South African childrenFrom all the children in South Africa, in 2006 an estimated 12.3 million or 68% of them lived in hou seholds with an income of less than R1 200 per month (Proudlock et al., 200863). A further 2.8 million or 16% of all children were reinforcement in households across South Africa where children were reported as hungry (sometimes, often or always) because there was not enough food (Proudlock et al., 200863 Stats SA, 200641).An estimated 10 million or 54% of South Africas children lived in rural areas according to research done in 2004. The Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and Limpopo provinces were home to about 74% of all rural children in South Africa of which Limpopo was remainderally the most rural province, where only 12% of children lived in urban areas.In the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces, there is more of an equal split between children living in urban and rural areas. In Gauteng there were 96% and in the Western Cape 87% of the children urban-based.It is a general practice that adults living in rural areas, often move to urban areas in search of work, composition th eir children remain in the rural areas and are cared for by the extended family.There was an indication that babies younger than one year were more liable(predicate) to be living in urban areas than older children, which suggests that babies born in urban areas initially remain with their mothers (Proudlock et al., 200887).The number of children living in internal housing (backyard dwellings or shacks in versed settlements) increased from 2.3 million in 2002, to 2.6 million in 2006 and also accounted for 12% of all South African children (Proudlock et al., 200886).Children living in formal areas are more likely than those living in informal or traditional dwellings to have basic services on site. They are also more likely to be closer to facilities like schools, libraries, clinics and hospitals than those living in informal settlements or rural areas.Proudlock et al. (200890) reflects on children living in informal settlements as being more exposed to hazards such as shack fires and paraffin poisoning. For them, childrens rights to adequate housing means that they should not have to live in informal dwellings (200886).Overcrowding is related to a shortage of housing and also to the size of houses being built. In 2006, 5.2 million or 28% of the keep down child population lived in overcrowded households (Proudlock et al., 200890 Stats SA, 200641).For Proudlock et al. (200890), Overcrowding is a problem because it can undermine childrens needs and rights, and refer to the right to privacy, and health as communicable diseases spread more slow in overcrowded conditions. For them, children in crowded households may struggle to negotiate space for their own activities. These children may also have less access to basic services such as water and electricity (Proudlock et al., 200890).Good sanitation is vital for healthy childhood as there are a number of damaging consequences for children who are unable to access proper toilets. It is very difficult to maintain good hygiene without water and toilets children are exposed to worms, bacterial infection which compromises nutrition.A lack of adequate sanitation also undermines human dignity (Proudlock et al., 200891). In 2006, only 9.9 million, or 55% of South Africas children had access to adequate toilet facilities and 11 million or 61% of South Africas children had access to drinking water on site (Proudlock et al., 200891).In 2006, 10.6 million or 96% of all children of school-going age (7 17 years) were attending some form of school or educational facility. These figures however, are not an indication of the regularity of childrens school attendance the quality of teaching and learning in schools, or about repetition and throughput rates (Proudlock et al., 200874 Stats SA, 20069).A reason for concern is the number of children who did not attend an educational facility, as according to Proudlock et al., (200874) and Stats SA, (20069), in 2006 there were about 447,000 children of school-g oing age that were not attending an educational facility, of which 337,000 were children aged 13 17.Every year there are 20 000 babies stillborn and a further 22 000 babies die before they are a month old (28 days), which accounted for 30% of all child deaths in 2006 (UNICEF, 20086).The death rate data for 2006 showed that the highest number of deaths in the whole population occurred in the 0 4 years age group of which the under five year death rate rate (U5MR) increased from 40 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2001 to 72 per 1,000 live births in 2005.The infant mortality rate (IMR) increased from 29 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2001 to 43 per 1,000 live births in 2005 (Proudlock et al., 200878). It is estimated that one in every 17 children dies before the age of 5 (UNICEF, 20086). According to Proudlock et al., (200880) the leading causes of death in children under five may be divided into four categoriesComplications during and shortly after birthAccording to them (200880), the leading causes of death among children younger than 15 years (for 2000 to 2005) are related to perinatal disorders (disorders that occur in the period of late pregnancy to seven days after birth), which means that newborn children and infants under one year are particularly susceptible to diseases.Respiratory and cardiovascular disorders remain the primary cause of death in the perinatal period and, since 2002, it is the highest specific mob of death among children under 15 years. By the end of 2003, the perinatal mortality rate was 35.8 per 1,000 for all deliveries, and 26.4 per 1,000 for all infants weighing more than 1,000 grams (Proudlock et al., 200880).HIV-related illnessesHIV/AIDS stay the biggest threat to child survival as the HIV- and AIDS-pandemic continues to devastate the well-being and survival of children (Proudlock et al., 200880).Diseases directly related to poverty (for example intestinal infectious diseases and malnutrition)Gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases have shown a decline in incidence since 1997, and malnutrition as a cause of death, has halved between 2000 and 2005 (Proudlock et al., 200880).TraumaUnnatural causes of death that account for trauma are classified under unspecified unnatural causes, which makes up 7% of child deaths in 2005 (Proudlock et al., 200880).It was estimated for 2007, that for every 100,000 nation, 41 were raped (of which 40% were children). This statistic is accepted as under-estimated by UNICEF and states that under-reporting of crime is common, especially when it involves people from the same family or community (20087).In the majority of crimes that happen within social or domestic settings, the perpetrators and the victims know each other they are family or friends (UNICEF, 20087).HIV and AIDS regional data South- AfricaAccording to Smart (20037) the HIV- and AIDS-pandemic can be illustrated as a succession of triplet shakes. The maiden boom is HIV infections, and it is followed some ye ars later by the second wave of AIDS illness and death. This in turn, is followed by the third wave of children being orphaned by HIV and AIDS, with its impact at multiple levels (20037).But according to UNICEF (2004a4) HIV and AIDS start to affect a child early in a parents illness, as children and young people in an HIV and AIDS-affected household begin to suffer long before a parent or caregiver dies, due to the effects resulting in household income that plummets, interrupted schooling and even total fall-out, either to care for a sick parent or to earn money.The impact thereof continues through the course of the illness, as well as throughout the childs development well after the parents death. Various survival strategies are pursued, such as eating less and selling assets, which are contributing to and intensifying the vulnerability of these households.For UNICEF, Children who are deprived of the guidance and protection of their primary caregivers are more vulnerable to health risks, violence, exploitation, and discrimination (2004a4).According to UNICEF (2004a3) children affected by HIV and AIDS are not only affected by orphanhood, but they are also made vulnerable when they have an ill parent, are living in poor households that have taken in orphans, are discriminated against because of a family members HIV status, or who have HIV themselves.For then, HIV and AIDS has joined a host of other factors and includes extreme poverty, conflict, and exploitation, which impose additional burdens on societys youngest and most vulnerable members (2004a3).It is believed that due to the discrepancies in data older than 2005, there was a global under-estimation of the impact of HIV and AIDS pandemic in South Africa, to such an extent that South Africa was not considered to be a country facing the biggest impact of this pandemic, as compared to neighbouring countries like Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland and Zimbabwe.Only in recent literature (from ASSA, UNAIDS, UNICEF an d World Bank) dated from 2005, it was realized that South Africa will have the biggest impact of HIV and AIDS thus having the biggest burden of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) due to this pandemic.In 2007, the total South African population was 47.8 million people, of which 18.2 million where children under the age of 17 years (Proudlock et al., 200882 UNICEF, 20085). In the same year, it was estimated that 5.7 million South Africans were living with HIV, making South Africa the largest pandemic in the world (UNICEF, 20087 something not previously considered (UNAIDS/WHO, 200716 UNICEF, 20087).Women, especially those in their child bearing years, bear the biggest proportion of the HIV infection and a third of pregnant women are estimated to be HIV-positive (UNICEF, 20082). The HIV data from antenatal clinics in South Africa suggest that the countrys pandemic might be stabilizing, but there is no evidence yet of major changes in HIV-related behaviour (UNAIDS/WHO, 200712).By 200 6, 294,000 children under the age of 15 years of age were living with HIV in South Africa (ASSA, 2005n.p. Proudlock et al., 200882) and the majority of them have been septic through mother-to-child transmission and therefore child prevalence among infants is largely influenced by the HIV prevalence of pregnant women and the interventions to prevent mother-to-child transmission (ASSA, 2005n.p. Proudlock et al., 200884).The highest prevalence amongst these children was in KwaZulu-Natal with 3.2% Mpumalanga and the Free maintain with 2.6% and Gauteng with 2.5 % (ASSA, 2005n.p Proudlock et al., 200884). The estimates from the ASSA2003 model further suggested that an overall prevalence of 1.2% in 2000 has doubled to 2.1% in 2006 for children under the age of 18 years (ASSA, 2005n.p. Proudlock et al., 200863).According to UNICEF (200824), life expectancy has plummeted by 15 years, from age 65 in 1996 to age 50 in 2005 and 1,000 people die every day as a result of AIDS-related illnesses. . In 2006, approximately 69% of children and adults with advanced HIV infection were receiving antiretroviral treatment (ART) (UNICEF, 200824) while still between 270 000 and 420 000 people died of AIDS related illnesses in 2006 (UNAIDS/WHO, 20087).KwaZulu-Natal had the highest number of deaths (15,209) due to AIDS related illnesses, as well as the second highest number (6,378) of children on ART in that year. Gauteng had the second highest number of child deaths due to AIDS related illnesses, but in the same year it had the highest number of children on ART (6,992) (ASSA, 2005n.p. Proudlock et al., 200885).According to Proudlock et al., (200884), the HIV-pandemic has progressed at a rapid pace over the last decade, and the necessary health services to address the needs of HIV infected children, have not been put in place. This has caused children to not be able to access the life-saving and urgently needed antiretroviral treatment (ART).Children in the path of HIV and AIDS orphans With a large number of factors already mentioned that are contributing to the vulnerability of children, the impact of HIV and AIDS can be expected to be other big contributing factor.In South Africa the number of orphans has been increasing slowly, and as a result has attracted relatively little public attention. In years to come however, the number of orphans is likely to rise rapidly as AIDS mortality increases (Johnson Dorrington, 20011).In 2001 they (20015) considered South Africas AIDS pandemic as still in its early stages, relative to other African countries, as South Africa has yet to experience the levels of orphanhood observed elsewhere in Africa.This is because there are more people infected with HIV in South Africa than in any other African Country, and it is therefore quite possible that the country will ultimately have more orphans due to AIDS related causes, than any other country on the African continent (Johnson Dorrington, 20015).According to UNICEF (200824), of all the countries affected by HIV and AIDS, South Africa has the most crushing burden, as a result of having the worlds highest number of HIV infected people.According to Proudlock et. al (200866), in 2006, there were 3.7 million total orphans this is equal to 21% of all children in South Africa with 619 000, or 3% of all orphans enter to be maternal orphans, 668 000, or 4 % of all orphans documented to be double orphans and 2.4 million orphans, or 14% of all orphans documented to be paternal orphans.According to them, the number of paternal orphans is this high because of the higher mortality rates of men in South Africa, as well as the frequent absence of fathers in childrens lives (Proudlock et al., 200866).Per province, the estimates for 2006 were as followsKwaZulu-Natal with 978 000 orphans.Eastern Cape 816 000 orphansLimpopo 481 000 orphansGauteng 392 000 orphansMpumalanga 286 000 orphansFree State 284 000 orphansNorth West 281 000 orphansWestern Cape 198 000 orphan sNorthern Cape 52 000 orphans(Proudlock et al., 200866)There has been an increase in the number of orphans in the past five years, and according to Proudlock et. al (200866) there were approximately 750,000 more children living as orphans in 2006 than in 2002 and consider this increase in light of the HIV- and AIDS-pandemic (200866).Further to this, they state that there where about 122,000 children living in an estimated 60,000 child-headed households across South Africa (200868). Of these, 89% were located in the following three provinces Limpopo, KwaZulu-Natal, and the Eastern Cape (Proudlock et al., 200868).Yearly an average of 1.1 million babies are born, of which 300,000 were born to HIV-positive mothers and an estimated 78,000 of these babies run the risk of getting infected if nothing is done to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Half of these children die before they reach two years of age (UNICEF, 200813).Orphan projectionsAs mentioned, the HIV- and AIDS-pandemi c needs to be understood in terms of a series of waves Smart (20037). In South Africa, the first of these waves represented new HIV infections which according to Johnson and Dorrington (20015) peaked in 1998 at about 930 000 infections per year.This was followed by the second wave of the total number of infections, which was estimated to peak in 2006 at 7.7 million infections (20015). The third wave being AIDS deaths, is expected to peak in 2010 with about 800 000 (20015 deaths per year, which will lead to the fourth wave being AIDS related orphans.Johnson and Dorrington (20014) estimates this wave to peak at 3.7 million maternal orphans (children under the age of 18 years) (200113) and 4.71 million paternal orphans (children under the age of 18 years) in 2015, (200114) while the total number of children having lost one or both parents is expected to reach its highest level in 2014, at 5.67 million (200114).Johnson and Dorrington estimates that in 2015, these orphans (children under the age of 18 years and having lost one or both parents) would be 33% of the total child population, of which 18% would have lost a mother (maternal orphan) and 28% would have lost their father (paternal orphan) and 11% would have lost both their parents (double orphans).They further estimate to remain at these high levels for an expected 15 20 years, due to the general consideration that if a child lost one parent due to AIDS related illnesses, it is most likely for the other parent to also die of AIDS related illnesses, to the extent that by 2020 a total of 40% of all orphans would be considered double orphans (Johnson Dorrington, 200114).Giese and Meintjies (20042), Johnson and Dorrington (200122) call for these projections to be understood as merely predictions in the absence of any major treatment intervention or behaviour changes.Johnson and Dorrington (2001ii) also states that within these projected orphan estimates, one needs to consider that firstly, relatively few orpha ned children are likely to be HIV positive, as most HIV positive orphans do not survive for long enough to constitute a significant proportion of the orphan population.Secondly, the rate of orphanhood is likely to be the highest in the black African population group amongst poor socio-economic groups (2001ii).Con

Virgin Blue Holdings Limited SWOT Analysis

saturated pitiful places Limited SWOT AnalysisAbout the company pure naughty Holdings Limited, an Australia-based company, is involved in the airline industry. The companys segments include ache and short hauls. The company owns a fleet comprising of 68 Boeing 737-700 800 series along with Embraer E-170 and E-190 aircrafts. sodding(a) Blue Airlines functions approx 2100 escapes per week to 24 national cities and centers and 8 international places including ports in Figi, New Zealand, Tonga, Vanuatu, the Cook Island and Samoa.Virgin Blue had been established in the year 2000 as wholly owned subsidiary of Virgin Group. In 2002 Virgin, along with Partrick invested in the airline field. In the year 2008, Virgin Blue Holdings Limited came into existence and floated on the exchange for selling the holdings of Virgin Group. Virgin Blue Holdings main movement is in the airline line of credit in Australia, while it operates in air transportation and schedule sector also.SWOT Analysi s Of Virgin Blue Holding Limited(S)trengthsMotivated management The management of the Virgin Blue Holding Limited is highly motivated and continuously involved in value approach process. A motivated team ensures giving its best to pass super profits.Innovation The corporate level strategy of this company is innovation. This helps the company in preparing the respite segment for itself. Also helps the company in having a upper hand over competitor.Young staff Strength of Virgin Holding Limited lies in their staff which is comprised of young people. This bequeath increase their work efficiency and productivity, and thus lead to superior profit making.(W)eaknessesCapital Intensive Business Lines Virgin Blue Holdings business is highly a capital intensive business thus requiring managing of heavy investment and maintenance cost. The point to r severally breakeven too is thus, longer than otherwise. beginning return on investment The airline industry is highly volatile and cyclical in nature and usually pass water low return on investment.(O)pportunitiesNiche market Instead of targeting the masses to fly economy and certain business class crowd, the company targets the student and this segment has high growth opportunities. little competitive market Another opportunity for the company is that this market is less competitive market and has high growth scope, and thus it would en adequate them to get the movers returns and becoming market leader thereby earning super profit.Richard Branson Richard Branson passion for aircraft also helps in expansion of business.(T)hreatsExisting player Existing competitor can exertion as a threat for Virgin Blue and impact their market share. Also there is a threat from the entry of new player.Air flight safety Another concern for airline industry is safety. This is the most common sector for terrorist attack and any such event can damage their business and brand to a greater extent.Key audit risks Mainly the audit risks are of three typesInherent RisksControl RisksDetection RisksThe following are the nominate Audit risks-Revenue Recognition (Detection Risk) Identifying important ratios such as Accounts receivables/Sales or Inventory/Cost of Goods Sold is important are these are prophetical of negative events.Account affected Profitability Ratios.Expense Recognition (Detection Risk) Deferred long- consideration expense and exaggerated depreciation often distorts balance sheet. Checking of these ratios such as interchange GA Expenses to Operating Expenses YoY basis and also comparing them with industry standards.Account affected Profitability Ratios.Asset-Liability Valuation (Detection Risk) Liquidity, Asset Turnover, realise Income/Equity, Leverage, Goodwill, etc may be comparable to(predicate) with peer group and previous years.Account affected Asset Turnover Ratios and Liquidity Ratios.Directors holding position of Officers (Control Risk) As directors have fiduciary responsibilities towards the shareholders, they should not have positions that are subjected to conflict of interest.Account affected Dividend payments and other policies related to shareholders.The CEO and Chairman are specialise (Control Risk) The roles of the CEO and Chairman are performed by separate people as the chairman would then be able to represent the shareholders interest better.Account affected Dividend payments and other policies related to shareholders.Stepping down of Virgins long confines CEO Brett GodfreyEarlier in 2010 virgin long term CEO Brett Godfrey stepped down and was replaced by John Brochette. Due to change in CEO, the auditors need to aright emphasize or assess the following pointsChange in corporate organisation Stepping down of the existing CEO can lead to corporate governance issues in organization. If the new CEO is not as burdenive, then it leads to bureaucracy and account manipulation issues in an organization. The auditor needs to evaluate this area carefully. answerablen ess of board of director The auditor should make sure that same practices of accountability and displace is maintained in organization. There should not be any defalcation or misuse of funds available.Analysis of share holding pattern change The auditor needs to analyze if there is any change in the shareholding pattern due to stepping down of the CEO. This will help in evaluating the existing funding structure of the company and help in evaluating welfare of shareholder by maximization shareholders wealth. The auditor should properly investigate where the funds are being divested.Current Financial Information of Virgin Blue Holding LimitedNet profit after income tax for 6 month period, ended 31/12/2009 was $62.5 million and that reflects $163.9 million more compared to the corresponding 6 month term ended 31/12/2008.The net profit of the period is made up ofIn these 6 months to 31/12/2009, the underlying OPs profit in advance tax went up by 34% and got profit of $80.1million.Basi c EPS for the 6 months period ended 31/12/2009 had a profit of 3.3cents/share.Business segmentsVirgin Group has 2 segments, described below that are Groups business segment. The business segment offers different services and products, and managed separately as they need different types of aircraft. For each business segment, the internal management reports are reviewed on monthly by the board. The summary describes operations in each segmentShort haul operations using short haul fleet by Boeing 737 aircraft Embraer 190 and 170 aircraft. This includes Australian, New Zealand, Trans-Tasman and Pacific Island flying.Long haul Operations that use Boeing 777 fleet. This predominantly comprises of Trans-Pacific flying.Partnerships of Virgin Blue Holdings LimitedEtihad signed a partnership with Virgin Blue Holdings LimitedAll Virgin Holding services will now be available also to the Etihad customers, by opening up of 44 destinations in Asia, Australia, Pacific Islands, New Zealand, and Los Angles. The code share agreement will come to effect right from October. As result of this deal, Virgin Australia is to become as first Australian carrier operator to operate at the Middle East since 1991. together with V Australia and Eithad Virgin Blue will be able to fly twenty seven flights in between Abu Dhabi Australia which will include the services between Abu Dhabi-Sydney, Melbourne Brisbane.Etihad management said that Australia is a very important market place for us we are happy that after this collaboration we will be able to serve our purpose better. We currently fly about 450,000 people a year to Australasia, we think this deal will add about 100,000 to that figure. With this collaboration we will be in a position to serve the USA Europe trips better from Australia, that will give us a distinct advantage over the other competitors, improves the sustainability comfort of travel.The agreement would joing the Blue Group and Etihad frequent flier programs, thus al lowing the customers to earn burn miles in all of these airlines that are involved in deal.Partnership of Virgin Blue V Australia with Virgin America for Frequent FlyVirgin Blue with its long-haul airline, V Australia has partnered with Virgin America to give benefits to homage customers to get some points when they take flight on sister airlines. This simply means that people travelling through any of these 3 flights will earn some credit that will be deducted under frequent travelling program. This partnership has applied from April, 2010.This exchange agreement will enable Virgin Blue or V Australias Velocity customer to earn Velocity points vice-versa through any of the 3 flights. Virgin Blue is presenting this as benefits to its guests a act of customer relationship management.Virgin Blue team says that their motto is that people from whole USA other parts of the world plan their tours with our developing airline family. Virgin blue is famous for its customer service, pr oduct innovation, great design high level of facilities. Virgin Blue has got Best National Airline for 3rd attendant year at the Australian National Travel Industry Awards.

Work And Family Life

Work And Family LifeTodays employees ar bringing in a highschoolly turbulent and competitive business and running(a) environment. As a firmness of purpose majority of employees contrive action become so complex. Due to this imprint life complexity and current world economical condition leads employees to work long hours or do multiple strains. With the expansion of global business and technology, employees of the global firms need to primary(prenominal)tain continues contact with their colleagues or customers who operate within 8 or 10 different time zones away. This means that galore(postnominal) employees work within the global firms need to be standby during 24 hours. Moreover incisive edge technology allows employees to perform their work at al-Qaida or any other place. In incident most of todays world hook up with employees atomic number 18 part of a dual-c atomic number 18er couples This makes increasingly difficult for married employees to find time to fulfil c ommitment to home, spouse, children, parents and friends. Therefore, due to these reasons work life bivouac to be intercede with family life. This is called work family participation.Since this work family remainder leads to farm negative consequences such as increased absenteeism, increased turnover, diminishing performances, etcetera it is important to have a good pinch about this work family conflict in organisational context. Therefore in todays organisations, work place environment is being modified to minimise work family conflict and to install a balance amid work and family life. This mostly include offering flexible work schedule, relocated countenanceance, adoption assistance, provide training for managers to assist employees in dealing work/family conflicts, focus on employees actual performance rather face time, casual day programme, etc. Conduct these types of programmes within the organisations is important since its tent to reduce mainly work/family conflict s, personal credit line dissatisfaction, and stress related problems. But on the other hand it may be difficult to assess the withdraw positive impacts of these programmes have on work performances of the employees.Work and Family Life- reciprocal effects article is mainly focus on foresaid work/family conflict. All arguments of this article are base on several research findings done by the Australian Institute of Family Studies and other relative studies. According to article it is been proved that 25 and 40 per centum of employees indicate that their jobs interferes with family life to some extent. Furthermore base on the research done by Australian Institute of Family Studies found that 28% of women and 40% of men believe that work life interferes with home life. At the same manner 35% women and 28% of men believe that their partners work life interferes with home life. But out of all respondents only a few(prenominal) men and women believe that the family life interfere with their work life.This result of the survey shows the impact of family life to the employees running(a) life. These factors increase the real need of work/family life balancing in order to gain employees performances. Most of the middle age employees(30-49) believe that work life interfere with family life with the complexity of work and family life that they are experiencing at that age such as child care, high peek career demand, etc.Courses for work/family conflictsWhen analysing work/family conflict it can be identify few major factors associated with it. One factor is employees job situation. As a result of job related factors such as downsizing, additional task allocation, challenging assignments, and strategies of participation, job insecurity and frequent relocations have brought an increased workload which stimulates tension and course to create a true conflict between employees work and family life. Another main factor highlighted in this article is employees working hours. According to the research findings, 23 percent of women and 66 percent of men were working more than 41 hours per week. This hour of work is tent to affect the degree of impact to create work/family conflict. seek finding indicate that 60 percent of men and women are preferred to work fewer hours than they currently work as a result of work interfere with home life.In fact job position of the organisation also determine the level of work interfere with family life. Employees in higher job positions extend to work longer hours, under pressure with higher responsibilities and job tasks. This leads to create high stress to the employees. This stress leads to negative sequences such as unsatisfactory behaviours at job delays, absenteeism, lack of motivation and reduced level of performance.On the family life, presence of childrens can also tend to complex this work/family conflict and ordain act as obstacle for work family balancing process. One factor which tend to determine the l evel of work interfere with family life is age levels of childrens of married employees. This varies for fathers and mothers. According to this article, youngest childrens have a great impact to the level of work/family conflict of mothers where as the younger childrens have greater impact for fathers in creating conflict between work and family. Partners work schedule and conditions have greater impact in determining level of work/family conflict as a result of increasing level of dual careers of families. Therefore this leads to determine the happiness of family life bas on the job situations experiencing by the employees.According to the research findings out of fulltime working couples with children under 18, 47 percent fathers and 41 percent of mothers strongly believe that their work life is interfere with family life. Moreover mothers who work for part time is less likely to feel that their work life tend to interfere with family life since they have much more time in balanc ing work and family life. In fact more men than women tend to believe that their work life interferes with family life as a result of working long hours. On the other hand, there is high tendency to exist high work/family life for lone mothers than couple families since all responsibilities fall on the one parent.When considering courses for work/family conflict many researches and studies argue that many employees tend to believe, work life more interfere with family life rather than family life interfere with work life. Moreover many studies highlighted that employees are better in managing potential disruptions occur from family life into work rather than managing work disruptions affect to family life. According to the research findings (Australian family life course study) only few employees were believe that family life interfere with work life. (Out of full time employees, 11 percent men and 13 percent women and 0 percent of part-time working women) Therefore it can be noted that work life begin to interfere for family life, when job responsibilities and problems begin to interfere in accomplishing family related obligations.Outcomes of work/family conflictAs foresaid, it can be distinguish two types of work-family conflict work interferes with family life and family interfere with work life. Therefore these two types of conflict are unfavourable consequences for several outcomes for employees.StressStress can be identifying as one of main outcome of work-family life conflict. Most of the employees tend to suffer from this stress as a result of failing to have a better balance between family and work life. Therefore we can find that there is high correlation coefficient between work/family conflicts with employee stress. Most of the researches conduct various types of researches to identify this relationship. Many authors define Stress as an interaction between the factors that leads to stress (stressors) and level of several(prenominal) response tow ards it (strain). http//icssea.ppiukm.org/paper/PSI-97.pdf Lot of employees are subjected to have an anxiety, low work motivation, low job satisfaction, pressure and burnout as a result of high work responsibilities, long working hours, job insecurity, high competition, unmet family obligations, etc. Since all foresaid factors are the reasons for work family conflict most researchers has been identify that the work/family conflict as a main source to have stress and pressure. According to the Australian Family Course study, 43% percent men and 53% percent women often felt tire and run down their job tasks. From this research findings researches have been identify a positive relationship with work interfering with work and stress which influence employees well(p) being. (Case)Job dissatisfactionJob dissatisfaction is associated with the degree of employees feeling towards their job. Negative feelings towards the job can leads to create low level of job satisfaction and this course to have high employee turnover, low performance, high absenteeism, etc. In order to identify the relationship between work/family conflict and job dissatisfaction, several researches had been done. These research findings always tend to highlight a negative relationship between work/family conflict and job satisfaction. As foresaid, stress, anxiety and high pressure are some of main outcome of work/family conflict. Therefore due to all these factors, leads to create low level of job satisfaction. According to the model proposed by Kopelman (1983), explain the relationship between factors like work conflict, family conflict, job satisfaction, family satisfaction and life satisfaction. This model argue that the factors such as work conflict and family conflict leads to create inter map conflict by employees and this inter role conflict, influence employees job and work satisfaction. Ultimately this both job and work satisfaction affect to life satisfaction. http//psasir.upm.edu.my/31 01/1/Associations_of_Work-Family_Conflict,_Job_Satisfaction,_Family_Satisfaction.pdfThis level of satisfaction is a crucial factor for any organisation, since its highly connected with employee turnover, absenteeism, performance level and productivity of the organisation. Therefore it is extremely important to assist employees o maintain a well balance work and family life.According to the research conduct by Department of Social Psychology and Methodology of doings Sciences, University of Granada, Spain has been identify that the relationship between work/family life and general job satisfaction is stronger in women than men. Moreover it found that general role of women in a family has a significant moderate effect on the association between work/family conflict and general job satisfaction of women.http//www.academicjournals.org/ajbm/PDF/pdf2010/4July/Calvo-Salguero%20et%20al.pdf

Global Marketing :: essays papers

Global MarketingInternet Paper The internets first role is the delivery and collection of timely information round products and services. We will have a look at the realistic role that the internet might play in assisting firms to reach their international marketing objectives. thither ar two types of impediments to the internets adoption and growth in international marketing structural and functional. Structural issues are likely to have greater impact on consumer internet marketing than on business-to-business marketing. Functional issues are likely to have a greater influence on consumer marketing because businesses are easier to identify, segment, and reach. Functional issues A distinction wad be made in the use of the internet a passive use and an active use. The passive personal manner is used when the company recognizes the importance of having a presence on the web. The company will offer products, services, contact opportunity and other information that can be us ed by the consumer. Much more complex is the active use of the internet. It demands the identification of its appropriate role in the firms global strategical marketing plan. One functional issue is the market segmentation that should be chosen by the company. At this moment the mass marketing via the internet can not be pursued yet since there are mollify some limitations at this moment. A limitation is that the public access to the internet is still limited. Prospects are declaring that, when correctly applied, the internet is quickly adopted by the target audience and grows rapidly. Another limitation is that there is no programming per se to perpetrate the individual surfer on the internet. However, the internet is well-suited for relatively homogeneous products that enjoy a broad appeal. Second, advertising has been the most natural and perhaps best authentic use of the internet to date. The internet can be viewed as a mulitmedium, so it should be treated with the same principles as other advertising media. advancement is a very important issue in this whole concept since with promotion brand recognition can be reached. Pricing is a ordinal issue that should be mentioned. Pricing on the internet at the manufacturer level makes it easier for the competition to accumulate relevant price data and modify its flowing marketing program. Even a new strategy can be developed to compete for a bigger share of the market.

An Analysis of Effectiveness Essay -- Martin Luther King Toni Morrison

An Analysis of EffectivenessMartin Luther queen Jr. and Toni Morrison are two of the many great writers of the late ordinal century. Their styles follow rhetorical guidelines to create persuasive arguments and clear pen. To show how they accomplish this I will be comparing the rhetorical style aimd by King in Letter from a Birmingham Jail, with that of Morrison in Friday on the Potomac. Each of these works result from strong opinions surrounding the issue of racial equality in the coupled States, and each appeals to the desire of achieving that equality. In order to address a sensitive topic such as racism and achieve the desired results, the authors had to implement respective(a) methods of persuasion. While each author chooses different manners with which to accomplish this, each forms clear writing with convincing arguments. They achieve this clarity due to their understanding and delectation of ethos, pathos, and logos as the foundations for creating these arguments.Before we can examine the writing on the basis of these three elements, we must first understand the meanings of each. They were conceptualized by Aristotle as the keys to persuading an audience. Ethos, right off translated, means worthy of belief, and deals with establishing believability. Pathos involves putting hearersinto the right frame of mind with regard to certain issues and the speakers persuasive intent (Smith 83). Logos includes the arguments that are used to make a point, and involves the basis upon which the arguments were made. The use of these three elements in harmony with each other will produce a persuasive argument according to Aristotle. Being that he did write the book on rhetoric, I will be using the ideas of Aristotle as the blueprint for effective writing to which I will compare the works of King and Morrison.First I will examine Martin Luther King Jr.s letter which embodies all of the characteristics outlined by Aristotle. The most clearly presented element in Ki ngs article is the use of ethos. King establishes himself as a credible and learned man early in the letter so that the reader has an immediate connection with him, and thus he carries the thought passim the letters entirety. Within the first paragraph he uses this tactic when he writes, If I sought to answer all the criticisms that cross my desk, my secretaries would h... ...How could the notion of union, nation, or state control surface when race, gender, and classdominated every moment and word of the confirmation process? (Morrison xii). The answer to the question lies within itself and forms the basis of her argument to follow throughout the essay. She then begins to demonstrate how race, gender, and class played into the hearings, in order to substantiate the argument. The reader then has no choice but to agree with her ideas.Thus, we see that both Morrison and King were both admirable in their abilities to persuade their audiences, though each did so using different tactic s. King focused mainly on establishing his own credibility so that his statements would bear the appropriate weight necessary for effectiveness. Morrison, however focused her strategy on the manipulation of the audience by using their emotions and empowering them to confirm her arguments. disregardless of the individual focus of each authors style, they both contained the necessary elements of successful writing as defined by Aristotle ethos, pathos, and logos. These elements form the backbone upon which all good writing should form, and these two passages verify that.

Lord Of The Flies - Setting Essay -- essays research papers

In the novel Lord of the Flies, by William Golding the setting had a very knock-down(prenominal) influence in the actions and attitudes of the characters. Setting is the defined in literature as where the story takes place. In Lord of the Flies, the setting is on a deserted equatorial island in the middle of the ocean, where a microcosm is able to be established. Three specific examples of how setting influenced the actions and attitudes of the characters atomic number 18 The isolation from a down world, the mysteries of an unfamiliar place, and different tender types being forced to live with one another. How these examples are to be proven will be developed in the following paragraphs. Being on an island in the middle of the ocean, cut off the life line, of a highly civilized golf-club, that took hundreds of years to develop. Due to the age and experience of the boys, such ideals of what it takes to be civilized are not developed to that of an adults. When the boys are put i n a world without rules, punishment, and order, it leads to a very progressive deterioration of what they have learnt to be "civilized". Without boundaries from authority figures, the boys feel as if they can do what ever they want, or as how they put it "to have fun". In the beginning things where fine. An organized society had been formed where Ralph was elected chief, and others where assigned specific duties. However as time goes by, things start to deteriorate, the boys are sick of doing their dut...

Are Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia Ethical? Essay -- Euthan

Is Euthanasia Ethical? Euthanasia is one of the most acute and uncomfortable contemporary problems in medical ethics. Is Euthanasia Ethical? The case for mercy killing rests on one main fundamental moral principle mercy. It is not a new issue euthanasia has been discussed-and practised-in both Eastern and Western cultures from the earliest historical times to the present. But because of medicines new technological capacities to extend life, the problem is much more pressing than it has in the past, and both the discussion and practice of euthanasia are more widespread. Euthanasia is a way of granting mercy-both by direct killing and by letting the person die. This principle of mercy establishes two component duties 1. the duty not to cause further put out or suffering and 2. the duty to act to end pain or suffering already occurring. Under the first of these, for a physician or other caregiver to extend mercy to a suffering tolerant may mean to refrain from proc edures that cause further suffering-provided, of course, that the intercession offers the patient no overriding benefits. The physician must refrain from ordering painful tests, therapies, or surgical procedures when they cannot alleviate suffering or contribute to a patients improvement or cure. Perhaps the most familiar contemporary medical example is the treatment of burn victims when survival is unprecedented if with the treatments or without them the chances of the patients survival is nil, mercy requires the physician not to impose the debridement treatments , which are excruciatingly painful, when they can provide the patie... ...rom inattention, malevence, fears of addiction, or diverging priorities in resources. In all of these cases, of course, the patient can be sedated into unconsciousness this does indeed end the pain. But in respect of the patients experience, this is tantamount to causing oddment the patient has no further conscious experience and thu s can achieve no goods, experience no significant communication, satisfy no goals. Furthermore, qualified sedation, by depressing respiratory function, may hasten death. Though it is always technically possible to achieve relief from pain, at least when the appropriate resources are available, the price may be functionally and practically equivalent, at least from the patients point of view, to death. And this, of course, is just what the issue of euthanasia is about.